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A．are to challenge
B．are challenging
C．may be challenged
D．have been challenged
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更多“Though Einstein was a great scientist, many of his ideas______today and are being modified”相关的问题
According to the passage, which of the following is true of Albert Einstein？
A．Albert Einstein was studying at a Catholic school, though he was Jewish.
B．Albert Einstein found himself a medical excuse to stay away from school.
C．Albert Einstein was expelled from the gymnasium where he was studying.
D．Albert Einstein was really a disruptive influence at the school where he was.
根据以下材料，回答题
Einstein Named "Person of the Century"
Albert Einstein， whose theories on space time and matter helped unravel （解决） the secrets of the atom and of the universe， was chosen as "Person of the Century" by Time magazine on Sunday.
A man whose very name is synonymous （同义的） with scientific genius， Einstein has come to represent more than any other person the flowering of 20th century scientific though that set the stage for the age of technology. "The world has changed far more in the past 100 years than in any other century in history. The reason is not political or economic， but technological—technologies that flowed directly from advances in basic science，" wrote theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking in a Time essay explaining Einstein"s significance.46______
Time chose as runner-up President Franklin Roosevelt to represent the triumph of freedom and democracy over fascism， and Mahatma Gandhi as an icon （象征） for a century when civil and human rights became crucial factors in global politics.
"What we saw was Franklin Roosevelt embodying the great theme of freedom"s fight against totalitarianism， Gandhi personifying （象征，体现） the great theme of individuals struggling for their rights， and Einstein being both a great genius and a great symbol of a scientific revolution that brought with it amazing technological advances that helped expand the growth of freedom，"said Time Magazine Editor Walter Isaacson.
Einstein was born in Ulm， Germany in 1879.47______ He was slow to learn to speak and did not do well in elementary school. He could not stomach organized learning and loathed taking exams. In 1905， however， he was to publish a theory which stands as one of the most intricate examples of human imagination in history.48______ Everything else——mass， weight， space， even time itself—— is a variable （变量） . And he offered the world his now-famous equation （方程式）:energy equals mass times the speed of light squared——E=mc2.
49______"There was less faith in absolutes， not only of time and space but also of truth and morality." Einstein"s famous equation was also the seed that led to the development of atomic energy and weapons. In 1939， six years after he fled European fascism and settled at Princeton University， Einstein， an avowed pacifist， signed a letter to President Roosevelt urging the United States to develop an atomic bomb before Nazi Germany did. 50______ Einstein did not work on the project. Einstein died in Princeton， New Jersey in 1955.
回答（46）题 查看材料
A."Indirectly， relativity paved the way for a new relativism in morality， art and politics，"Isaacson wrote in an essay explaining Time"s choices.
B.How he thought of the relativity theory influenced the general public"s view about Albert Einstein.
C."Clearly， no scientist better represents those advances than Albert Einstein."
D.Roosevelt heeded the advice and formed the "Manhattan Project" that secretly developed the first atomic weapon.
E.In his early years， Einstein did not show the promise of what he was to become.
F.In his "Special Theory of Relativity，" Einstein described how the only constant in the universe is the speed of light.
TEXT C
In his classic novel, "The Pioneers", James Fenimore Cooper has his hero, a land developer, take his cousin on a tour of the city he is building. He describes the broad streets, rows of houses, a teeming metropolis. But his cousin looks around bewildered. All she sees is a forest. "Where are the beauties and improvements which you were to show me？" she asks. He's astonished she can't see them. "Where! Everywhere," he replies. For though they are not yet built on earth, he has built them in his mind, and they as concrete to him as if they were already constructed and finished.
Cooper was illustrating a distinctly American trait, future-mindedness: the ability to see the present from the vantage point of the future; the freedom to feel unencumbered by the past and more emotionally attached to things to come. As Albert Einstein once said, "Life for the American is always becoming, never being."... ...
20. The third paragraph examines America's future-mindedness from the _________ perspective.
A. future
B. realistic
C. historical
D. present
Albert Einstein
Born in 1879, in Ulm, Germany, Einstein was two years old when his parents moved to Munich. There his father opened a business in electrical supplies. As a boy, Einstein did not learn to talk until later than others of his age, and in his early childhood he was not considered especially bright. But by the time he was fourteen years old, he had recovered from a slow start to the extent that he had taught himself advanced mathematics from textbooks. By then he knew what he wanted to be when he grew up. He wanted to be a physicist and devote himself to research.
The Einsteins, however, could not afford to pay for the advanced education young Einstein needed. The family business had declined, and they were forced to leave Munich to live in Milan, Italy, where they had relatives. As for Albert, the family did manage to send him to a technical school in Switzerland, and later to the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich.
In 1901, when Einstein was twenty-two years old, he began teaching, and in 1902 he went to work as a patent office examiner in Bern. Now able to pay his own expenses, he continued his schooling at the University of Zurich, where he received a doctor' s degree in 1905. This was the period when he first began the research which led to his famous theory of relativity.
To most people it is not easy to explain why Einstein' s theory has had such an immense effect upon the whole scientific and intellectual world. After its formation, scientists never again regarded the world as they had before. The theory set forth new and far-reaching conclusions about the nature of space, time, motion, mass, energy, and the relations governing all these. Basically the theory proposed, among other things, that the greatest speed possible is the speed of light; that the rate of a clock moving through space will decrease as its speed increases; and that energy and mass are equal and interchangeable. This latter claim, based on the formula "energy equals mass times the square of the speed of light" was later proved by atomic fission, on which the atomic bomb is based.
Toward the end of his life, when Einstein was asked to explain his law of relativity to a group of young students, he said: "When you sit with a nice girl for two hours, you think it's only a minute. But when you sit on a hot stove for a minute, you think it's two hours. That is relativity."
Einstein had an effect on science and history that only a few men have ever achieved. An American university president once commented that "Einstein has created a new outlook, a new view of the universe. It may be some generations before the average mind grasps the identity of time and space, and so on—but even ordinary men understand now that the universe is something vaster than ever thought before."
By 1914 Einstein had gained world fame. He accepted the offer to become a professor at the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Bedim He had few duties, little teaching, and unlimited opportunities for study. It was an ideal position, but soon his peace and quiet were broken by the First World War. Einstein hated violence. Though he was not personally involved, the war and its misery affected him deeply. He lost interest in much of his research. Only when peace finally came in 1918 was he able to get back to work.
During the years following World War [, Germany heaped honors upon Einstein. He was persuaded to become director of Theoretical Physics in the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute. He won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921. Prussia made him an honorary citizen. Potsdam built an Einstein Tower in its Astrophysical Institute. Berlin held public celebration on his fiftieth birthday. Being a shy man, Einstein did not attend, but he received several baskets full of cards, letters, and telegrams expressing admiration and b
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
Examination of the Lorentz-Fitsgerald formulas yields the interesting speculation that if something did actually exceed the speed of light it would have its mass expressed as an imaginary number and: would seem to be going backwards in time. The barrier to exceeding the speed of light is the apparent need to have an infinite quantity of mass moved at exactly the speed of light. If this situation could be leaped over in a large quantum jump---which seems highly unlikely for masses that are large in normal circumstances--then the other side may be achievable.
The idea of going backward in time is derived from the existence of a time vector that is negative, although just what this might mean to our senses in the unlikely circumstance of our experiencing this state cannot be conjectured.
There have been, in fact, some observations of particle chambers which have led some scientists to speculate that a particle called the tachyon may exist with the trans-light properties we have just discussed.
The difficulties of imagining and coping with these potential implications of our mathematical models points out the importance of studying alternative methods of notation for advanced physics. Professor Zuckerandl, in his book Sound and Symbol, hypothesized that it might be better to express the relationships found in quantum mechanics through the use of a notation derived from musical notations. To oversimplify greatly, he argues that music has always given time a special relationship to other factors or parameters or dimensions, Therefore, it might be a more useful language in which to express the relationships in physics where time again has a special role to play, and cannot be treated as just another dimension.
The point of this, or any other alternative to the current methods of describing basic physical processes, is that time does not appear---either by common experience or sophisticated scientific understanding--to be the same sort of dimension or parameter as physical dimensions, as is deserving of completely special treatment, in a system of notation designed to accomplish that goal.
One approach would be to consider time to be a field effect governed by the application of energy to mass-- that is to say, by the interaction of different forms of energy, if you wish to keep in mind the equivalence of mass and energy. The movement of any normal sort of mass is bound to produce a field effect that we call positive time. An imaginary mass would produce a negative time field effect. This is not at variance with Einstein's theories, since the "faster" a given mass moves the more energy was applies to it and the greater would be the field effect. The time effects predicted by Einstein and confirm by experience are, it seems, consonant with this concept.
The passage supports the inference that ______.
A．Einstein's theory of relativity is wrong
B．the Lorentz-Fitzgerald formulas contradict Einstein's theories
C．time travel is clearly possible
D．it is impossible to travel at precisely the speed of light
Examination of the Lorentz-Fitsgerald formulas yields the interesting speculation that if something did actually exceed the speed of light it would have its mass expressed as an imaginary number and would seem to be going backwards in time. The barrier to exceeding the speed of light is the apparent need to have an infinite quantity of mass moved at exactly the speed of light. If this situation could be leaped over in a large quantum jump--which seems highly unlikely for masses that are large in normal circumstances--then the other side may he achievable.
The idea of going backward in time is derived from the existence of a time vector that is negative, although just what this might mean to our senses in the unlikely circumstance of our experiencing this state cannot be conjectured.
There have been, in fact, some observations of particle chambers which have led some scientists to speculate that a particle called the tachyon may exist with the trans-light properties we have just discussed.
The difficulties of imagining and coping with these potential implications of our mathematical models points out the importance of studying alternative methods of notation for advanced physics. Professor Zuckerandl, in his book Sound and Symbol, hypothesized that it might be better to express the relationships bund in quantum mechanics through the use of a notation derived from musical notations. To oversimplify greatly, he argues that music has always given time a special relationship to other factors or parameters or dimensions. Therefore, it might be a more useful language in which to express the relationships in physics where time again has a special role to play, and cannot be treated as just another dimension.
The point of this, or any other alternative to the current methods of describing basic physical processes, is that time does not appear--either by common experience or sophisticated scientific understanding--to be the same sort of dimension or parameter as physical dimensions, as is deserving of completely special treatment, in a system of notation designed to accomplish that goal.
One approach would be to consider time to be a field effect governed by the application of energy to mass that is to say, by the interaction of different forms of energy, if you wish to keep in mind the equivalence of mass and energy. The movement of any normal sort of mass is bound to produce a field effect that we call positive time. An imaginary mass would produce a negative time field effect. This is not at variance with Einstein's theories, since the "faster" a given mass moves the more energy was applies to it and the greater would be the field effect The time effects predicted by Einstein and confirm by experience are, it seems, consonant with this concept. (565)
The passage supports the inference that ______.
A．Einstein's theory of relativity is wrong
B．the Lorentz-Fitzgerald formulas contradict Einstein's theories
C．time travel is dearly possible
D．it is impossible to travel at precisely the speed of light
An atom consists of a tiny core called the "nucleus" with attendant electrons circling round it. The hydrogen atom, which is the simplest and lightest, has only one electron. Heavier atoms have more and more as they go up the scale. The first discovery that had to do with what goes on in nuclei was radioactivity, which is caused by particles being shot out of the nucleus. It was known that a great deal of energy is locked up in the nucleus, but, until just before the outbreak of the Second World War, there was no way of releasing this energy in any large quantity. A revolutionary discovery was that, in certain circumstances, mass can be transformed into energy in accordance with Einstein's formula which states that the energy generated is equal to the mass lost multiplied by the square of the velocity of light.
The A-bomb, however, used a different process, depending upon radioactivity. In this process, called "fission", a heavier atom splits into two lighter atoms. In general, in radioactive substances this fission proceeds at a constant rate which is slow where substances occurring in nature are concerned. But there is one form. of uranium called "U235" which, when it is pure, sets up a chain reaction which spreads like fire, though with enormously greater rapidity. It is this substance which was used in making the atom bomb.
The political background of the atomic scientists' work was the determination to defeat the Nazis. It was held--I think rightly--that a Nazi victory would be an appalling disaster. It was also held, in Western countries, that German scientists must be well advanced towards making an A-bomb, and that if they succeeded before the West did they would probably win the war. When the war was over, it was discovered, to the complete astonishment of both American and British scientists, that the Germans were nowhere near success, and as everybody knows, the Germans were defeated before any nuclear weapons had been made. But I do not think that nuclear scientists of the West can be blamed for thinking the work urgent and necessary. Even Einstein favored it.
When, however, the German war was finished, the great majority of those scientists who had collaborated towards making the A-bomb considered that it should not be used against the Japanese, who were already on the verge of defeat and, in any case, did not constitute such a menace to the world as Hitler. Many of them made urgent representations to the American Government advocating that, instead of using the bomb as a weapon of war, they should after a public announcement, explode it in a desert, and that future control of nuclear energy should be placed in the hands of an international authority. Seven of the most eminent of nuclear scientists drew up what is known as "The Franck Report" which they presented to the Secretary of War in June 1945. This is a very admirable and far-seeing document, and if it had won the assent of the politicians, none of our subsequent terrors would have arisen.
We may infer that the writer's attitude towards the A-bomb is that ______.
A．it is a necessary evil
B．it is a terrible threat to the whole of mankind
C．it played a vital part in defeating the Japanese
D．it was a wonderful invention
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