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His theories were so ______ that few could see what he was trying to establish.
A．logical
B．scholarly
C．theoretical
D．vague
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更多“His theories were so ______ that few could see what he was trying to establish.A．logicalB．”相关的问题
The men who【B3】the machines of the Industrial Revolution came from many backgrounds and many occupations. Many of them were【B4】inventors than scientists. A man who is a pure scientist is primarily interested in doing his research【B5】. He is not necessarily working so that his findings can be used. An inventor or one interested in applied science is【B6】trying to make something that has a concrete idea. He may try to solve a problem by using the theories【B7】science or by experimenting through trial and error. Regardless of his method, he is working to obtain a specific result: the construction of a harvesting machine, the burning of a light bulb, or one of【B8】other objectives.
Most of the people who developed the machines of the Industrial Revolution were inventors, not trained scientists. A few were both scientists and inventors. Even those who had【B9】or no training in science might not have made their inventions if a groundwork had not been laid by scientists years【B10】.
【B1】
A．But
B．And
C．Besides
D．Even
Industrial Revolution. (31) they were not enough. Something else was needed to start the industrial process. That "something special" was men-- (32) individuals
who could invent machines, find new sources of power, and establish business organizations to reshape society. The men who (33) the machines of the Industrial Revolution came from many backgrounds and many occupations. Many of them were (34) inventors than scientists. A
man who is a pure scientist is primarily interested in doing his research (35) . He is not necessarily working so that his findings can be used. An inventor or one
interested in applied science is (36) trying to make something that has a concrete idea. He may try to solve a problem by using the theories (37) science or by
experimenting through trial and error. Regardless of his method, he is working to obtain a specific result: the construction of a harvesting machine, the burning of a
light bulb, or one of (38) other objectives. Most of the people who developed the machines of the Industrial Revolution were inventors, not trained scientists. A few were both scientists and inventors. Even
those who had (39) or no training in science might not have made their inventions if a groundwork had not been laid by scientists years (40) .A.ButB.AndC.Besides D.Even
However, in the 13th century, there appeared a few scholars who criticized the habit of relying on Aristotle for all knowledge. The most distinguished of them was Roger Bacon, an English monk and philosopher. Bacon declared that even if Aristotle were very wise he had only planted the tree of knowledge and that this had "not as yet put forth all its branches nor produced all its fruits." He held that truth could be reached a hundred thousand times better by experiments with real things than by poring over the bad Latin translation of Aristotle.
Bacon was interested in any subject that he thought could broaden man' s understanding of the world. He made many important discoveries and speculated about such things as gunpowder, flying machines, telescopes, and mechanically driven carriages. Greater than any of these was the scientific method that he employed. The most far-sighted of his beliefs was that observation and experiment are essential to an understanding of nature. He was one of the forerunners of the experimental and applied science of modern times.
It was not until the 17th century that the scientific method championed by Roger Bacon was set forth anew and rendered fruitful by Francis Bacon and Descartes.
Francis Bacon was the most eloquent representative of the new science which renounced authority and relied upon experiment. In his Advancement of Learning, he urged that men should cease to rely upon the textbooks, like Aristotle, and turn to a careful examination of animals, plants, and chemicals, with a view of learning about them and using the knowledge thus gained to improve the condition of mankind.
Descartes, French philosopher and mathematician, was interested in many subjects. Throughout his varied career he held fast to the conviction that science depends no; upon the authority of ancient books but upon the observation of facts. Once, pointing to a basket of rabbits that he was about to dissect, he told a visitor, "Here are my books." He could not see any reason why the old authorities should be right. So he boldly set to work to think out a wholly new philosophy that was entirely the result of his own reasoning.
As can be gathered from the passage, Aristotle's theories ______ in the Middle Ages.
A．were ignored by most scholars
B．hindered scientific progress
C．were declared as heresy
D．were basis of important discoveries
听力原文： Most economic forecasts are wrong. And governments usually fail when they try to fine-tune the economics in the short term. That's not surprising, argues Paul Ormerod in his book Butterfly Economics, because few underlying economic theories and models come anywhere near real life. Ormerod, an economist and director of the London Think Tank, has dumped on the blinkered world of mainstream economic thought before, in his book, The Death of Economics. This time, he argues that his colleagues with the dismal science should instead view "society as a living creature, which adapts and learns."
Ormerod calls his approach butterfly economics, in part to stress its link to biology. But it also reflects a principle advanced by chaos theorists that the fluttering of a butterfly's wings can set off a tornado in another part of the globe. Modem economics, he says, are "complex systems which hover on the brink of chaos." But Ormerod could just as easily have titled it Ant Model Economics, because his theories derive from entomologists' experiments with ants in the mid-1980s. Two equal-sized food sources were set equidistant from an ant's nest. How did the colony divide itself between the sources？ As it turned out, the proportion of ants visiting one site or the other changed constantly. Sometimes changes were small. Other times, shifts were dramatic and swift. None was predictable. Why？ Basically, a foraging ant has three choices: returning to the food source it successfully visited before; being persuaded by other ants, via a scent, to try the other pile; or turning to the humans. People can stick with a previous decision, change their minds on their own accord, or be persuaded by the actions of others.
That people are often influenced by others, the author says, goes a long way toward explaining why some inferior technologies squeeze out superior ones, like VHS videocassette recorders upstaging Betamax VCRS, or why traders continue to buy currencies they know to be overvalued. Popularity breeds popularity. This may all seem obvious. But for economists, it's a revelation. Standard economic theories nearly always assume that people's behavior. and tastes never change -- which helps explain why most theories can't pass a reality check. In real life, chaos -- in the form. of human decision making -- reigns.
The ant model shows that accurate short-term predictions of ant behavior. are impossible. But in long term, there is a pattern to the ants' randomness. And, Ormerod says, so it is with economics, too. Short-term governmental forecasts usually miss the mark. And the abilities of politicians to alter the cycles of business are" largely illusory," he insists. But in the long term, there is some structure. The business cycle, with all its constant ebbing and flowing, may be uncontrollable and defiant of near-term forecasts. But despite its fluctuations, capitalist economies have grown slowly and steadily over time. That means, he says, that policymakers should adopt a less-is-more approach. "The role of governments should be confined to trying to mitigate the consequences of a cycle rather than trying to eliminate it."
Ormerod's effort to persuade orthodox economists to take human behavior. into account more often -- regardless of its unpredictability -- is a worthy goal. Still, it's a bit dispiriting that his foraging ants, like Pavlvov's salivating dogs, depict our behavior. so accurately.
Listen to the following passage. Write in English a short summary of around 150-200 words of what you have heard. You will hear the passage only once and then you will have 25 minutes to finish your summary. This part of the test carries 20 points. You may need to scribble a few notes to write your summary.
The bitter argument continued over the years that followed. At first, Hooke and Huygens received most of the support, Later, after Newton had changed ids mind and let Ids work on gravity be published, he became so famous that things changed. Now people believed Newton could do nothing wrong, and for a hundred years they followed his theory. Then, in the early part of the 19th century, the experiments of a French scientist, Augustin Fresnel, showed that light could be explained best by a wave theory. So the scientists changed sides again, saying that Newton's ideas had delayed scientific progress for a hundred years.
Strangely enough, rite presently-accepted theory of light combines some of the ideas of both theories. This is known as the quantum theory and results from the work of such 20th century scientists as Albert Einstein and Max Planck. The quantum theory assumes that light is given off as separate " packages" of energy. Each "package" travels out in a fixed pattern or wave form. These "packages" of light, or quanta of energy, as they are called, are given off at such a rapid rate that there is no great gap between them.
The quantum theory seems to explain the actions of light better than either of the two earlier theories. However, for many purposes, the wave theory is good enough. So it is used most often to explain light. But who is to say that new experiments and other scientists of our own time or in the future may not provide an even better theory？ There is certainly still much work to be done with light and color.
From this passage it seems that ______.
A．Newton was not a successful scientist until he published his works
B．Newton was a scientist with at least three theories
C．Newton's theory was not accepted because Hooke did not approve it
D．Newton did not publish his theories because he was too disappointed
One of the (more intriguing) theories about the destruction of Ur is his contention that the population (may destroy) their ziggurats and (abandoned) their metropolis in anger against the deities that permitted (so long) a famine.
A．more intriguing
B．may destroy
C．abandoned
D．so long
A．W.M. Wandt's
B．J.A. Comenius'
C．F. Gouin's
D．M.D. Berlitz's
The Discovery of Genes
Perhaps you may have wondered why you look like your father or mother, while your sister looks like an aunt or even one of your grandparents. The way you look, talk and move and how tall you will grow depend mostly upon the very small particles called genes, which are found in the cells of your body. You get these genes from your parents. Each time they reproduce (生育) they pass along a set of genes. But each new set may be a little different from the previous sets. So when parents have a number of children, they will find that each child looks somewhat like themselves but with individual features too.
In the past nobody really understood why members of the same family resembled each other. All through the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries many scientists tried to find out how the features of living things were passed on to the next generation. Then in the 1860s one man succeeded in finding out the answer. He was Gregor Mendal, an Austrian who was very interested in growing plants.
He experimented with pea (豌豆) plants. He found that there was something in the parent plant that gave the offspring (后代) certain features, such as tallness or shortness. This "something" is now called genes. He also discovered that of all the features of a plant which were passed on to another generation, some were stronger than others. In such a case the stronger features would be dominant in the new plants. He proved this by crossing a purple-flowered plant with a white-flowered plant--the first new generation all had purple flowers. But when seeds from the new purple-flowered plants grew up, one plant of this generation was white. So although the white features did not show in the plants of the first generation, it had been there all the time.
Mendal published his findings in 1866, but it was only in 1900 that the importance of his work was recognized. Scientists realized that his theories on heredity (遗传) could also be applied to all forms of life, including humans.
The way one looks, talks and moves depends
A．completely on his own genes.
B．largely on his parents' genes.
C．mostly on his brothers' genes.
D．mainly on his sisters' genes.
His parent's concerns aside, even as a youth Einstein showed a brilliant curiosity about nature and an ability to understand difficult mathematical concepts. At the age of 12 he taught himself Euclidian Geometry. Einstein hated the dull regimental and unimaginative spirit of school in Munich. His parents wisely thought to transfer him out of that environment.
Although Einstein's family was Jewish, he was sent to a Catholic elementary school from 1884 to 1889. However, Einstein's biographer, Philip Frank, explains that Einstein so thoroughly despised formal schooling that he devised a scheme by which he received a medical excuse from school on the basis of a potential nervous breakdown. He then convinced a mathematics teacher to certify that he was adequately prepared to begin his college studies without a high school diploma. Other biographies, however, state that Einstein was expelled from the gymnasium on the grounds that he was a disruptive influence at the school.
When did Albert Einstein learn to speak, according to the passage you have just heard？
A．In 1879.
B．In 1880.
C．In 1881.
D．In 1882.
Some of Einstein's theories could not be tested because______.
A．nobody was interested
B．there were no scientific instrument and equipments needed
C．Einstein did not have his own laboratory
D．it was no use testing them
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