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提问人：网友qsgamdc 发布时间：2022-01-06

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The following circumstances may arise in relation to the launch of a new product: （i)

The following circumstances may arise in relation to the launch of a new product: (i) Demand is relatively inelastic (ii) There are significant economies of scale (iii) The firm wishes to discourage new entrants to the market (iv) The product life cycle is particularly short

Which of the above circumstances favour a penetration pricing policy？

A.(ii) and (iii) only

B.(ii) and (iv)

C.(i), (ii) and (iii)

D.(ii), (iii) and (iv) only

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第1题

Task 2Directions: This task is the same as Task 1.The 5 questions or unfinished statements

Task 2

Directions: This task is the same as Task 1. The 5 questions or unfinished statements are numbered 41 through 45.

Employment letters are used to apply for a job, request a reference or letter of recommendation, accept or refuse a position, acknowledge the help of others in your job search, and re sign from a position you currently hold. Throughout your career you will need to write one or more of these letters. Knowing how to compose effective employment letters can help you compete successfully in the job search.

Employment letters include the following:

1. Letters of application. You have seen a position advertised, had a friend pass on a recommendation, or located a possible job opportunity yourself. A letter of application introduces you to the prospective employer and is usually accompanied by a resume.

2. Letters requesting references or recommendations. You are asking people who know you well and have knowledge of your skills and experience to act as a reference or write a letter of recommendation to a prospective employer.

3. Letter of acknowledgement. These letters are used to follow up an interview, thanking the interviewer for the time given you. You can emphasize your qualifications for the job in this letter.

4. Letters accepting or refusing a job offer.

5. Thank-you letters. You are acknowledging the help each person gave you in your efforts to secure the job.

6. A letter of resignation. You want to leave your current position under the best circum stances possible.

According to the passage, employment letters include the following forms except ______.

A．letters refusing a position

B．letters of resignation

C．letters of inquiry

D．letters of application

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第2题

Employment letters are used to apply for a job, request a reference or letter of recommend

ation, accept or refuse a position, acknowledge the help of others in your job search, and re sign from a position you currently hold. Throughout your career you will need to write one or more of these letters. Knowing how to compose effective employment letters can help you compete successfully in the job search.

Employment letters include the following:

3. Letter of acknowledgement. These letters are used to follow up an interview, thanking the interviewer for the time given you. You can emphasize your qualifications for the job in this letter.

4. Letters accepting or refusing a job offer.

5. Thank-you letters. You are acknowledging the help each person gave you in your efforts to secure the job.

6. A letter of resignation. You want to leave your current position under the best circum stances possible.

According to the passage, employment letters include the following forms except ______.

A．letters refusing a position

B．letters of resignation

C．letters of inquiry

D．letters of application

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第3题

设计一个矩形类Rectangle，要求：（1）包括二个私有数据成员：长length，宽width，编写构造函数初始化length，width；（2）设计三个公有成员函数：成员函数Circum（)、成员函数Area（)，分别求得矩形的周长c和面积s，成员函数display（)实现周长及面积的输出；要求设计主函数。

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第4题

Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points—perious, cou

ntries, dramatic events, and great leaders. It has also had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure: how one inquires into a historical problem, how one presents and documents one's findings, what constitutes admissible and adequate proof.

Anyone who has followed recent historical literature, can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies. The currently fashionable subjetcs come directly from the sociology catalog: childhood, work, leisure. The new subjects are accompanied by new methods. Where history once was primarily narrative, it is now entirely analytic. The old questions "What happened？" and "How did it happen？" have given way to the question "Why did it happen？" Prominent among the methods used to answer the question "Why" is psychoanalysis, and its use has given rise to psychohistory.

Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations in historical context. Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them. But this practical use of psychology is not what psychohistorians intend. They are committed not just to psychology in general, but to Frendian psychoanalysis. This commitment precludes a commitment history as historians have always understood it. Psychohistory derives its "facts" not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history. It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians. And it violates the basic tenet of historical method: that historians be alert to the negative instances that would refute their rightness of their theses. Psychohisotrians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is the "deepest" explanation of any event, that other explanations fall short of the truth.

Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history (in the sense of the proper mode of studying and writing about the past); ii also violates the past itself. It denies to the past an integrity and will of its own, in which people acted out of a variety of motives and in which events had a multiplicity of causes and effects. It imposes upon the past the same determinism that it imposes upon the present, thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their complexity, Instead of respecting the particularity of the past, it assimilates all events, past and present, into a single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and in all circum stances.

Which of the following best states the main point of the passage？

A．The approach of psychohistorians to historical study is currently popular even though it lacks the rigor and verifiability of traditional historical method.

B．Traditional historians can benefit from studying the techniques and findings of psychohistorians.

C．Areas of sociological study such as childhood and word are of little interest to traditional historians.

D．The psychological assessment of an individual's behavior. and attitudes is more informative than the details of his or her daily life.

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第5题

Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by c

Part A

Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D . Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.

Two main techniques have been used for training elephants, which we may call respectively the tough and the gentle. The former method simply consists of setting an elephant to work and beating him until he does what is expected of him. Apart from any moral considerations this is a stupid method of training, for it produces a resentful animal who at later stage may well turn into a man-killer. The gentle method requires more patience in the early stages, but produces a cheerful, good-tempered elephant who will give many years of loyal service.

The first essential in elephant training is it assigns to the animal a single mahout who will be entirely responsible for the job. Elephants like to have one master just as dogs do; and are capable of a considerable degree of personal auction. There are even stories of half trained elephant calves who have refused to feed and pained to death when by some unavoidable circum stance they have been deprived of their own trainer. Such extreme case must probably be taken with a grain of salt, but they do underline the general principle that the relationship between elephant and mahout is the key to successful training.

The most economical age to capture an elephant for training is between fifteen and twenty years, for it is then almost ready to undertake heavy work and can begin to earn its keep straight away. But animals of this age do not easily become subservient to man, and a very firm hand must be employed in the early stages. The captive elephant, still roped to tree, plunges and screams every time a man approaches, and for several days will probably refuse all food through anger and fear. Sometimes a tame elephant is tethered nearby to give the wild one confidence, and in most cases the captive gradually quietens down and begins to accept its food. The next stage is to get the elephant to the training establishment, a ticklish business which is achieved with the aid if two tame elephants roped to the captive on either side.

When several elephants are being trained at one time, it is customary for the new arrival to be placed between the stalls of two captives whose training is already well advanced. It is then left completely undisturbed with plenty of food and water so that it can absorb the atmosphere of its new home and see that nothing particular alarming is happening to its companions. When it is eating normally, its own training begins. The trainer stands in front of the elephant holding a long stick with a sharp metal point. Two assistants, mounted on tamed elephants, control the captive from either side, while others rub their hands over his skin to the accompaniment of a monotonous and soothing chant. This is supposed to induce pleasurable sensations in the elephant, and its effects are reinforced by the use of endearing epithets, such as" Ho f My son", or" Ho ! My father", according to the age and sex of the captive. The elephant is not immediately susceptible to such blandishments, however, and usually lashes fiercely with its trunk in all directions. These movements are controlled by the trainer with the metal-pointed stick, and trunk eventually becomes so sore that the elephant curls it up and afterwards uses it for offensive purposes.

The ill-treatment of an elephant during training______.

A．can have unpleasant consequences later

B．is the most effective method available

C．increases the time it takes to train the animal

D．ensures loyal service for years to come

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第6题

Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points—perious, cou

Which of the following best states the main point of the passage？

A．The approach of psychohistorians to historical study is currently popular even though it lacks the rigor and verifiability of traditional historical method.

B．Traditional historians can benefit from studying the techniques and findings of psychohistorians.

C．Areas of sociological study such as childhood and word are of little interest to traditional historians.

D．The psychological assessment of an individual's behavior. and attitudes is more informative than the details of his or her daily life.

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第7题

听力原文：Childhood poverty has both immediate and lasting negative effects. Children in lo

听力原文： Childhood poverty has both immediate and lasting negative effects. Children in low-in come families fare more poorly than children in more affluent families in the areas of economic security, health, and education. Children living in families that are poor are more likely than children living in other families to have difficulty in school, to become teen parents, and, as adults, to earn less and be unemployed more. The child poverty rate provides important information about the percentage of U. S. children whose current life circum stances are hard and whose futures are potentially limited as a result of their family's low income.

The full distribution of the income of children's families is important, not just the percentage in poverty. Knowing that more and more children live in affluent families tells us that a growing proportion of America's children enjoy economic well-being. The growing gap between rich and poor children suggests that poor children may experience more relative deprivation even if the percentage of poor children is holding steady.

Since 1980, the percentage of children living in families with medium income has fallen from 41% to 34% in 1996, while the percentage of children living in families with high in come and the percentage of children in extreme poverty have risen, from 17% to 24% and from 70/00 to 8%, respectively.

(33)

A．teen pregnancy and difficulty in school.

B．low self esteem and poor nutrition.

C．difficulty in school and physical abuse.

D．illiteracy and teen pregnancy.

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第8题

Virtually everything astronomers know about objects outside the solar system is based on t

he detection of photons-quanta of electromagnetic radiation. Yet there is another form. of radiation that permeates the universe: neutrinos. With (as its name implies) no electric charge, and negligible mass, the neutrino interacts with other particles so rarely that a neutrino can cross the entire universe, even traversing substantial aggregations of matter, without being absorbed or even deflected. Neutrinos can thus escape from regions of space where light and other kinds of electromagnetic radiation are blocked by matter. Not a single, validated observation of an extraterrestrial neutrino has so far been produced despite the construction of a string of elaborate observatories, mounted on the earth from Southern India to Utah to South Africa. However, the detection of extraterrestrial neutrinos are of great significance in the study of astronomy. Neutrinos carry with their information about the site and circum stances of their production; therefore, the detection of cosmic neutrinos could provide new information about a wide variety of cosmic phenomena and about the history of the universe.

How can scientists detect a particle that interacts so infrequently with other matter？ Twenty-five years passed between Pauli's hypothesis that the neutrino existed and its actual detection; since then virtually all research with neutrinos has been with neutrinos created artificially in large particle accelerators and studied under neutrino microscopes. But a neutrino telescope, capable of detecting cosmic neutrinos, is difficult to construct. No apparatus can detect neutrinos unless it is extremely massive, because great mass is synonymous with huge numbers of nucleons (neutrons and protons), and the more massive the detector, the greater the probability of one of its nucleon's reacting with a neutrino. In addition, the apparatus must be sufficiently shielded from the interfering effects of other particles.

Fortunately, a group of astrophysicists has proposed a means of detecting cosmic neutrinos by harnessing the mass of the ocean. Named DUMAND, for Deep Underwater Muon and Neutrino Detector, the project calls for placing an array of light sensors at a depth of five kilometers under the ocean surface. The detecting medium is the sea water itself: when a neutrino interacts with a particle in an atom of seawater, the result is a cascade of electrically charged particles and a flash of light that can be detected by the sensors. The five kilometers of seawater above the sensors will shield them from the interfering effects of other high-energy particles raining down through the atmosphere.

The strongest motivation for the DUMAND project is that it will exploit an important source of information about the universe. The extension of astronomy from visible light to radio waves to x-rays and gamma rays never failed to lead to the discovery of unusual objects such as radio galaxies, quasars, and pulsars. Each of these discoveries came as a surprise. Neutrino astronomy will doubtlessly bring its own share of surprises.

escape from(Para. 1) can be substituted for

A．get through,

B．pass by.

C．interact with.

D．derive from.

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第9题

Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each p

Section B

Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.

听力原文：W: It's well-known science fiction plot to freeze a body and bring it back to life years later. However, this may no longer be so far from the truth. Joining us from our Cardiff studio is Professor Andrew Morgan, who's been doing some research into this subject. Professor Morgan.

M: Yes, well, I've been looking into the ability of certain animals to freeze themselves for a certain a mount of time, and then to come back to life when the circumstances around them change. And, what I've been working on over the past two years is the particular process that enables them to do this.

W: What have you actually discovered？

M: I think it's a particular chemical in the animals 'bodies which begins to work under certain circum stances. And I'm now experimenting with this chemical to see if I can get other animals that wouldn't normally be able to freeze themselves to be able to do this.

W: Have you had any success？

M: I have so far. It's been going very well. And I'm reasonably confident that perhaps within ten years from now I'll be able to freeze human beings for as long or as short a time as I would like to, and then bring them back to life again in exactly the same state that they were in before they were frozen ... just as you can do with animals.

W: And what's the main application of your research？

M: I think the main application of this for human beings would be for people with terminal illnesses, such as certain types of cancer, AIDS. We could freeze them, find a cure for the illness and then bring them back to life again and administer the cure.

W: I see. Well, this obviously is going to create great debate I would think as to the rights and wrongs of whether we should actually be doing this.

(27)

A．He is a film director of Science Fiction.

B．He is a writer of Science Fiction.

C．He is a scientist who researches on how to freeze a body and bring it back to life later.

D．He is a doctor who treats terminal illnesses.

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第10题

Section BDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by som

Section B

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.

Attitudes differed to small errors of grammar and usage, or inappropriateness of vocabulary and idiom, with the native-speakers finding such errors a little irksome (令人厌烦的), though sometimes a musing, while the Chinese panel members paid hardly any attention to such errors as, for example, misuse of phrasal verbs and similar usages: "When I saw the job description, I decided to apply the position." "I expect to find out a lot of challenge in the job." "l can deal the emergency situations efficiently.''

Errors of idiom or appropriateness caused more comment, during the post interview discussion, from the native-speakers than from the Chinese panel members, on whom the errors were sometimes lost. For example, one candidate, when asked what salary he expected, replied: "I don't care about it." The message was clear enough, namely that he was primarily interested in the job, but the formulation of the message was not quite right. Even such ribticklers (笑话) as "I am a well-planned person" and "I would like to expose myself in another field'; (both actually heard at interviews) tended to cause lipbiting among the expatriate rather than the Chinese interviewers.

Panels with two Chinese and one expatriate used to be more common, but are becoming less common. The reason is that with more of the interview now being conducted in Chinese, the non-Chinese speaker does not know what has already been asked and is liable to repeat in English questions that have already been covered in Chinese. This caused, naturally enough, confusion in the interviewee and can adversely affect the whole interview.

The sensible procedure would seem to be to open the interview in the mother tongue of the candidates, to put them at their ease, then at a later stage turn to English, to test English proficiency. In practice, however, possibly because of the problem mentioned in the previous paragraph when tile panel contains a foreigner, it is often the reverse, with a few, fairly standard, opening questions in English, and if these are successfully answered, then the job interview properly gets underway in Cantonese. One of the worst interview scenariost (方案) is when a foreigner who thinks she/he can speak Cantonese (but does so, in fact, badly) decides to question the interviewee in Cantonese. In other circum stances of a social nature the interviewee would no doubt politely compliment the foreigner on his or her good Cantonese, but in the seriousness of a job interview situation, the Chinese is confused and slightly embarrassed for the foreigner. These forays(初步尝试) into Chinese usually end pretty quickly with one of the Chinese members of the panel rescuing the foreigner and continuing the interview in English.

The word "adversely'" in the last sentence of the third paragraph is closest in meaning to ______.

A．positively

B．negatively

C．hard

D．slightly

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第11题

Moral responsibility is all very well, but what about military orders？ Is it not the soldi

er's duty to give instant obedience to orders given by his military superiors？ And apart from duty, will not the soldier suffer severe punishment, even death, if he refuses to do what he is ordered to？ If, then, a soldier is told by his superior to burn this house or to shoot that prisoner, how can he be held criminally accountable on the ground' that the burning or shooting was a violation of the laws of war？

These are some of the questions that are raised by the concept commonly called "superior orders", and its use as a defense in war crimes trials. It is an issue that must be as old as the laws of war themselves, and it emerged in legal guise over three centuries ago when, after the Stuart restoration in 1660, the commander of the guards at the trial and execution of Charles I was put on trial for treason and murder. The officer defended himself on the ground "that all I did was as a soldier, by the command of my superior officer whom I must obey or die," but the court gave him short shrift, saying that "When the command is traitorous, then the obedience to that command is also traitorous①."

Though not precisely articulated, the rule that is necessarily implied by this decision is that it is the soldier's duty to obey lawful orders, but that he may disobey—and indeed must, under some circum stances-unlawful orders. Such has been the law of the United States since the birth of the nation. In 1804, Chief Justice John Marshall declared that superior orders would justify a subordinate's conduct only "if not to perform. a prohibited act," and there are many other early decisions to the same effect.

A strikingly illustrative case occurred in the wake of that conflict which most Englishmen have never heard (although their troops burned the White House) and which we call the War of 1812. Our country was baldly split by that war too and, at a time when the United States Navy was not especially popular in New England, the ship-in-the-line Independence was lying in Boston Harbor. A passer-by directed abusive language at a marine standing guard on the ship, and the marine, Bevans by name, ran his bayonet through the man. Charged with murder, Bevans produced evidence that the marines on the Independence had been ordered to bayonet anyone showing them disrespect. The case was tried before Justice Joseph Story, next to Marshall, the leading judicial figure of those years, who charged that any such order as Bevans had invoked "would be illegal and void," and, if given and put into practice, both the superior and the subordinate would be guilty of murder②. In consequence, Bevans was convicted.

The order allegedly given to Bevans was pretty drastic, and Boston Harbor was not a battlefield; per haps it was not too much to expect the marine to realize that literal compliance might lead to bad trouble. But it is only too easy to conceive of circumstances where the matter might not be at all clear. Does the sub ordinate obey at peril that the order may later be ruled illegal, or is protected unless he has a good reason to doubt its validity？

It can be inferred from the first paragraph that if a soldier obeys his superior's order to burn a house or to kill a prisoner, ______.

A．he is fight according to moral standards

B．he should not receive any punishment

C．he should certainly be liable for his action

D．he will be convicted according to the law of war

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