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A．①②③④
B．②③④⑤
C．①②③⑤⑥
D．①③⑤⑥
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更多“Perform. Quality Control is the process of monitoring and recording results of executing t”相关的问题
Using climate models to estimate the quality of global observational data sets Introduction There is now overwhelming evidence that Earth’s climate has changed at an unusually rapid pace during the last century, that these changes bear a clear human signature, and that they will be enhanced if anthropogenic emissions continue unabated. The development of large-scale observational networks has been a major advance to reaching such levels of evidence. Observations of essential climate variables [e.g., sea surface temperature (SST), sea ice extent (2)] are indeed central for the study of climate variability (1), for detection and attribution of human-induced climate change (1, 3), and for constraining long-term projections (1, 4). Major international and coordinated observing programs are currently underway to continue these efforts (5). However, with the emergence of multiple observational references (ORs), sometimes divergent, a natural question arises: What is the underlying quality of these products? A direct answer to this question is not easily achieved because there is by definition no universal knowledge of the true state of our climate (6). Here we present a framework for the evaluation of ORs addressing this gap. The approach relies on the use of climate models taken as references, and not as subjects of assessment as has been widely done in the past (7, 8). The rationale behind this approach relies on the so-called “truth-plus-noise” paradigm (9–14), which assumes that observations and models are both noisy versions of the true (but unknown) state of the climate system. In that view, observations and models play symmetrical roles so that it is possible to use one to estimate how close the other is from the true state, and vice versa. In line with this paradigm, we claim that climate models can be appropriate tools for estimating the quality of ORs. We accumulate the necessary evidence in three steps. First, we rely on elementary logic and take advantage of the symmetry of common metrics of model performance. Then, we show with a simple statistical toy model how observational error can degrade model performance (symmetrically to model error), turning this into an opportunity to reverse the process of model evaluation into one of OR evaluation. Finally, we apply the proposed procedure to a realistic test case involving simulations conducted with large-scale general circulation models and a set of ORs. François Massonnet, Omar Bellprat, Virginie Guemas, Francisco J. Doblas-Reyes, (2016), Science 28 Oct pp: 452-455
A.评标委员会委员由5人组成，其中招标人代表2人，经济、技术专家3人
B.评标委员会认为A投标单位的投标文件中针对某项技术的阐述不够清晰，要求A单位予以澄清
C.某单位的投标文件中某分项工程的报价存在个别漏项，评标委员会认为个别漏项属于细微偏差，投标标书有效
D.某单位虽然按招标文件要求编制了投标文件，但是个别页面没有编制页码，评标委员会认为投标标书有效
A.access
B.make
C.learn
D.bring
A.投标人必须按照招标文件规定的地点、在规定的时间内送达投标文件
B.投递投标书的方式最好是直接送达或委托代理人送达，以便获得招标机构已收到投标书的回执
C.如果以邮寄方式送达的，投标人应保证投标文件能够在截止日期之前投递即可
D.招标人收到标书以后应当签收，在开标前不得开启
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