chemical treatment section的中文意思是前处理段。

mical bums, allergic reactions or inflammations, or can even be absorbed through the eye. The eye should be flushed out immediately with water. Lukewarm water should be poured gently into the inside comer of the eye from a container two to three inches above the victim' s eye. A water tap will do very nicely as it produces controllable pressure. The victim's head should be tilted so that the water will flow across the eyeball and off the face. This procedure should be followed for five to fifteen minutes, depending on the severity of the problem. Adults who are not otherwise incapacitated may use a shower to wash out the eyes. Urgency is the key word in treating eye problems of this sort Wash out the affected eye immediately, and as soon as possible call a physician or a poison control center for additional advice.

The passage is about ______

A．poison control centers and doctors

B．bathing from a container or in a shower

C．the effect of water temperature on eyeballs

D．first-aid treatment of eye problems

ialism, which became a sacred obligation for all Japanese governments, businesses, and trade unions. Anyone who mentioned the undesirable by-products of rapid economic growth was treated as a heretic. Consequently everything possible was done to make conditions easy for the manufacturers.【1】Few dared question the wisdom of discharging untreated waste into the nearest water body or untreated smoke into the atmosphere. This silence was maintained by union leaders as well as most of the country's radicals; except for a few isolated voices, no one protested.【2】An insistence on treatment of the various effluents would have necessitated expenditures on treatment equipment that in turn would have given rise to higher operating costs. Obviously this would have meant higher prices for Japanese goods, and ultimately fewer sales and lower industrial growth and GNP.

【3】The pursuit of nothing but economic growth is illustrated b v the response of the Japanese government to the American educational mission that visited Japan in 1947. After surveying Japan's educational program, the Americans suggested that the Japanese fill in their curriculum gap by creating departments in chemical and sanitary engineering. Immediately, chemical engineering departments were established in all the country's universities and technical institutes. In contrast, the recommendation to form. sanitary engineering departments was more or tess ignored, because they could bring no profit. By 1960, only two second-rate universities, Kyoto and Hokkaido, were interested enough to open such departments.

【4】The reluctance to divert funds from production to conservation is explanation enough for a certain degree of pollution but the situation was made worse by the type of technology the Japanese chose to adopt for their industrial expansion. For the most part, they simply copied American industrial methods.【5】This meant that methods originally designed for use in a country that stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific with lots of air-and water to use as sewage receptacles were adopted for an area a fraction of the size. Moreover the Japanese diet was niche more dependent on water as a source of fish and as an input in the irrigation of rice; consequently discharged wastes built up much more rapidly in the food chain.

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ialism, which became a sacred obligation for all Japanese governments, businesses and trade unions. Anyone who mentioned the undesirable by-products of rapid economic growth was treated as a heretic. Consequently, everything possible was done to make conditions easy for the manufacturers. Few dared question the wisdom of discharging untreated waste into the nearest water body or untreated smoke into the atmosphere. This silence was maintained by union leaders as well as by most of the country's radicals; except for a few isolated voices, no one protested. An insistence on treatment of the various effluents would have necessitated expenditures on treatment equipment that in turn would have given rise to higher operating costs. Obviously, this would have meant higher prices for Japanese goods, and ultimately fewer sales and lower industrial growth and GNP.

The pursuit of nothing but economic growth is illustrated by the response of the Japanese government to the American educational mission that visited Japan in 1947. After surveying Japan's educational program, the Americans suggested that the Japanese fill in their curriculum gap by creating departments in chemical and sanitary engineering. Immediately, chemical engineering departments were established in all the country's universities and technical institutions. In contrast, the recommendation to form. sanitary engineering departments was more or less ignored, because they could bring no profit. By 1960, only two second-rate universities, Kyoto and Hokkaido, were interested enough to open such departments.

The reluctance to divert funds from production to conservation is explanation enough for a certain degree of pollution, but the situation was made worse by the type of technology the Japanese chose to adopt for their industrial expansion. For the most part, they simply copied American industrial methods. This meant that methods originally designed for use in a country that stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific with lots of air and water to use as sewage receptacles were adopted for an area a fraction of the size. Moreover, the Japanese diet was much more dependent on water as a source of fish and as an input in the irrigation of rice; consequently discharged wastes built up much more rapidly in the food chain.

Notes:

heretic 异教徒

sanitary 卫生的

for the most part 基本上

receptacle 储存地

According to the text, no measures were resorted to in environmental protection after World War Ⅱ in Japan because

A．they were reckoned to be unnecessary.

B．they would check economic development.

C．no one was much interested in them.

D．pollution was held as inevitable at that time.

alism, which became a sacred obligation for all Japanese governments, businesses and trade unions. Anyone who mentioned the undesirable by-products of rapid economic growth was treated as a heretic. Consequently, everything possible was done to make conditions easy for the manufacturers. Few dared question the wisdom of discharging untreated waste into the nearest water body or untreated smoke into the atmosphere. This silence was maintained by union leaders as well as by most of the country's radicals; except for a few isolated voices, no one protested. An insistence on treatment of the various effluents would have necessitated expenditures on treatment equipment that in turn would have given rise to higher operating costs. Obviously, this would have meant higher prices for Japanese goods, and ultimately fewer sales and lower industrial growth and GNP.

The pursuit of nothing but economic growth is illustrated by the response of the Japanese government to the American educational mission that visited Japan in 1947. After surveying Japan's educational program, the Americans suggested that the Japanese fill in their curriculum gap by creating departments in chemical and sanitary engineering. Immediately, chemical engineering departments were established in all the country's universities and technical institutions. In contrast, the recommendation to form. sanitary engineering departments was more or less ignored, because they could bring no profit. By 1960, only two second-rate universities, Kyoto and Hokkaido, were interested enough to open such departments.

The reluctance to divert funds from production to conservation is explanation enough for a certain degree of pollution, but the situation was made worse by the type of technology the Japanese chose to adopt for their industrial expansion. For the most part, they simply copied American industrial methods. This meant that methods originally designed for use in a country that stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific with lots of air and water to use as sewage receptacles were adopted for an area a fraction of the size. Moreover, the Japanese diet was much more dependent on water as a source of fish and as an input in the irrigation of rice; consequently discharged wastes built up much more rapidly, in the food chain.

Notes: heretic 异教徒。sanitary 卫生的。for the most part 基本上。receptacle 储存地。

According to the text, no measures were resorted to in environmental protection after World War Ⅱ in Japan because _____.

A．they were reckoned to be unnecessary.

B．they would check economic development.

C．no one was much interested in them.

D．pollution was held as inevitable at that time.

A．They'll be closed down.

B．They're going to dismiss some of their employees.

C．They'll be moved to other places.

D．They have no money to build chemical treatment plants.

What aspect of the factories along the river does the professor mainly discuss？

A．They"ll be closed down.

B．They"re going to dismiss some of their employees.

C．They"ll be moved to other places.

D．They have no money to build chemical treatment plants.

ks in the world, is fighting a battle against paper deterioration. The 【C2】______ of the old books, often yellowed and torn, 【C3】______ crumble when they are touched. The main culprit in the battle is the acidic paper tt3at has 【C4】______ making books since the nineteenth century.

Air pollution and moisture 【C5】______ the problem. 【C6】______ the books that are most 【C7】______ destruction are not the oldest books. The paper in books produced 【C8】______ the last century was made 【C9】______ cotton and linen rags, 【C10】______ are naturally low in acid. And the Gutenberg bible, 【C11】______ five centuries ago, was made of thin calfskin, and is in 【C12】______ good shape. But in the nineteenth century, with widespread literacy bringing a demand for a cheaper and more plentiful 【C13】______ of paper, the industry began using 【C14】______ treated wood pulp for making paper. 【C15】______ the chemical in these paper that is causing today's problem. This problem of paper deterioration is one of 【C16】______ concern. France, Canada, and Austria are all doing research into the new methods of deacidification. A new technology has been 【C17】______ recently, in fact, that allows for mass deacidification of 【C18】______ books at the same time. It costs less than microfilming and 【C19】______ preserves books in their original form. 【C20】______ there will soon be treatment facilities all over the world to preserve and deacidify library book collections.

【C1】

A．consists of

B．belongs to

C．houses

D．composes

compounds often also have a pharmacological (related to medicine) or commercial value, so the trick could be used to help increase yields of commercially useful biologicals. Artemisinic acid, from sweet wormwood, for example, is used in malarial medications, and shikonin (紫草素), from the purple gromwell plant, is used against skin infections.

Researchers have long known that stressing plants can force them to take defensive action, often ramping up the production of protective chemicals that, for example, make them more resistant to insect attack. It has become common practice to stress such plants into increasing their yields. This is usually clone using physical stress elicitors (诱导子), including bits of the micro-organisms that normally attack the plants, or irritants made from metallic compounds such as copper chloride. These are effective, but they come at a cost. Most elicitors are toxic to plants and can build up in tissues, making it necessary to occasionally "clean" a plant of the chemicals so they keep having the same effect.

Recently, research groups at the University of Arizona in Tucson found that the application of an electric current to the hairy roots of the poisonous herb Hyoscyamus muticus stimulated the production of the herb's toxin hyoscyamine (天仙子胺). This unpublished finding inspired Hans Van Etten, also of the University of Arizona, and his colleagues to test sub-lethal levels of electrical currents on other plants, to assess electricity's potential to elevate chemical production.

The researchers exposed eight different plant species (ranging from Japanese pagoda tree seedlings to pea plants) to weak electrical currents of 30 milliamps. Seven of the plants increased their production o{ defensive chemicals. The average boost of chemical production was 20 times, they report in Biotechnology Progress. One plant, a type of alfalfa, increased its chemical yield by 168 times. These values are very similar to those achieved using chemical elicitors, and seem to have no lethal effects-just a negative effect on growth. The treatment can be used over and over again without the build-up of any unwanted material.

The useful compounds would be very easy to harvest: they simply pour out into solution if the plants are grown hydroponically. "The fact that we can use electricity instead of toxic materials to elicit chemical production is very exciting because it means we get to look at how these chemicals form. without having to constantly add and remove toxins from the system," says Van Etten. "This is a really novel and creative approach that I've never seen before," says plant metabolic engineer Fabricio Medina Bolivar from Arkansas State University in Jonesboro. "The possibilities for using electricity with plants in this way are absolutely tremendous. "

Electricity acting on plants can be used to ______.

A．take precautions against skin infections

B．increase production of useful biologicals

C．increase pharmacological and commercial value

D．make plants more resistant to attack