听力原文: As any homemaker who has tried to keep order at the dinner table knows, there is far more to a family meal than food. Sociologist Michael Lewis has been studying 50 families to find out just how much more.
Lewis and his co-workers carried out their study by videotaping the families while they ate ordinary meals in their own homes. They found that parents with small families talk actively with each other and their children. But as the number of children gets larger, conversation gives way to the parents' efforts to control the loud noise they make. That can have an important effect on the children. "In general, the more question asking the parents do, the higher the children's IQ scores," Lewis says. "And the more children there are, the less question-asking there is."
The study also provides an explanation for why middle children often seem to have a harder time in life than their brothers and sisters. Lewis found that in families with three or four children, dinner conversation is likely to center on 'the oldest child, who has the most to talk about, and the youngest, who needs the most attention.
"Middle children are invisible," says Lewis. "When you see someone get up from the table and walk around during dinner, it's often the case that it's middle child." There is, however, one thing that stops all conversation and prevents anyone from having attention: "When the TV is on," Lewis says, "dinner is a non-event."
(33)
A.To report on the findings of a study.
B.To give information about family problems.
C.To show the relationship between parents and children.
D.To teach parents ways to keep order at the dinner table.
First, as soon as the police arrest a person, they must tell him of his right to remain silent. Under the law, he is not required to answer their questions.
Second, the police must tell him of his right to have a lawyer. The state or city government will pay a lawyer to take the case of a suspect who cannot afford one.
Third, the Fifth Amendment(修正案) to the Constitution says that no person has to be a witness against himself. This means that the suspect does not have to speak against himself.
Fourth, a person can not be tried for the same crime twice. If a person has been found innocent, he cannot be arrested again, brought to court, and retried for the same crime.
What does the word "ruled" mean?
A.governed
B.decided
C.guided
D.controlled
Quit Smoking
1 Anyone who has ever tried to give up smoking cigarettes knows the meaning of being hooked. Even those who succeed in quitting for the first time suffer the same 75% relapse rate as recovering alcoholics and heroin addicts. Last week, the U. S. Surgeon General made official what everyone has recognized for a long time-tobacco, like cocaine or heroin, is addictive.
2 The panic of a heave smoker bereft of cigarettes speaks alarmingly of a physiological force at work that is more powerful than mere desire. Not long after taking up the habit, smokers become tolerant of nicotine's effects as with heroin and cocaine, dependence quickly follows.
3 Like many drugs that affect the nervous system, nicotine at once stimulates and relaxes the body. Because it is inhaled, it takes only seven to ten seconds to reach the brain — twice as fast as intravenous drugs and three times faster than alcohol. Once there, it mimics some of the actions of adrenaline, a hormone, and acetylcholine, a powerful neurotransmitter that touches off the brain’s alarm system, among other things. After a few puffs, the level of nicotine in the blood skyrockets, the heart beats faster and blood pressure increases. The result is that smokers become more alert and may actually even think faster.
4 Nicotine operates on other parts of the body as well. By constricting blood vessels, it casts a pallor over the face and diminishes circulation in the extremities, often causing chilliness in the arms and legs. It relaxes the muscles and suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Since nicotine cannot be stored in the body, smokers maintain a relatively constant level in the blood by continuing to smoke.
5 As for nicotine's addictive qualities, the Surgeon General cited several national surveys that reveal 75% to 85% of the nation's 51 million smokers would like to quit but have so far been unable to do so.
23 Paragraph 2
24 Paragraph 3
25 Paragraph 4
26 Paragraph 5
A Statistics about the People Who Want to Quit Smoking
B How Nicotine Affects Other Parts of the Body
C The Effect of Smoking on the Nervous System
D The Formation of Dependence
E The Hardness of Quit Smoking
F Harm of Smoking
27 Anyone who ever tried to quit smoking is aware of .
28 To a smoker, the desire for tabacco is .
29 Nicotine in the blood will make the smoker .
30 Besides the nervous system, nicotine also affects .
A Statistics about the People Who Want to Quit Smoking
B How Nicotine Affects Other Parts of the Body
C The Effect of Smoking on the Nervous System
D The Formation of Dependence
E The Hardness of Quit Smoking
F Harm of Smoking
It was the first time anyone had been tried in Britain for torture in another country. Britain argues that serious crimes against humanity can be tried in any country and that it has a right to prosecute Faryadi Sarwar Zardad because he was arrested in England.
Zardad was convicted Monday for torture and hostage taking in an area outside Kabul between Dec. 31, 1991, and Sept. 30, 1996.
Prosecutors said Zardad was in charge of the road from Kabul to Jalalabad in the Sarobi area from 1991-96, and his men set up checkpoints where they trapped and abused opponents.
"He and his soldiers wanted to create an atmosphere of fear and terror. He wanted a fearsome reputation for being cruel and merciless at his military checkpoints," prosecutor James Lewis told London's Old Bailey court.
Witnesses gave evidence via video link from the British Embassy in Kabul.
Another witness said he was held for months and was beaten so often that his family didn't recognize him. A boy said he had seen his father tortured and his ear cut by Zardad's men.
The court heard that Zardad fled for his life from his homeland in 1998, having fought both the invading Soviets and the Taliban. He came to London on a fake passport in 1998 and managed a pizza parlor in the capital when he was arrested.
In November, an Old Bailey jury failed to reach a verdict at Zardad's first trial, and the Crown Prosecution Service ordered a retrial.
"Mr. Zardad was found in England. An international convention
and English law allow the trial in England of anyone who has committed torture or hostage taking, irrespective of where those crimes were commit ted," attorney general Lord Goldsmith told Zardad's first trial.
Passing sentence, the judge told Zardad the gravity of his crimes "is demonstrated by the fact that most unusually a person who has committed them in another country can be tried and punished for them by the courts of this country."
"That is a position recognized not only by our Parliament, but also by the civilized international community," the judge said.
Faryadi Sarwar Zardad, a former Afghan warlord, was sentenced to 20-year imprisonment ______.
A.because he came to Great Britain with a false passport
B.because he committed crimes of torture and hostage-taking
C.because he opened a pizza parlor in London without a license ID] because he was a cruel and merciless Taliban warlord
First, as soon as the police arrest a person, they must tell him of his right to remain silent. Under the taw, he is not required to answer their questions.
Second, the police must tell him of his right to have a lawyer. The state or city government will pay a lawyer to take the case of a suspect who cannot afford one.
Third, the Fifth Amendment(修正案) to the Constitution says that no person has to be a wit ness against himself. This means that the suspect does not. have to speak against himself.
Fourth, a person cannot be tried for the same crime twice. ff a person has been found innocent, he cannot be arrested again, brought to court, and retried for the same: crime.
What does the word "ruled" mean?
A.governed
B.guided
C.decided
D.controlled
Task 1
Directions: After reading the following passage, you will find 5 questions or unfinished statements, numbered 36 through 40. For each question or statement there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should make the correct choice.
Every year about 4,000,000 Americans are arrested and accused of crimes ranging from theft and traffic violations to murder. The Supreme Court has ruled that anyone charged with a crime has certain rights under the law. Do you know what your rights are if you are arrested? Here are four of them.
First, as soon as the police arrest a person, they must tell him of his right to remain silent. Under the law, he is not required to answer their questions.
Second, the police must tell him of his right to have a lawyer. The state or city government will pay a lawyer to take the case of a suspect who cannot afford one.
Third, the Fifth Amendment(修正案) to the Constitution says that no person has to be a witness against himself. This means that the suspect does not have to speak against himself.
Fourth, a person can not be tried for the same crime twice. If a person has been found innocent, he cannot be arrested again, brought to court, and retried for the same crime.
What does the word "ruled" mean?
A.governed
B.decided
C.guided
D.controlled
Anyone who has something interesting to focus on won‘t find life boring.
A.look over
B.pull into
C.set aside
D.concentrate on
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