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Dr. Joe Z Tsien is a professor of mloecular biology at Harvard.
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
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Can Drugs Make Us Happier？ Samrter？
It depends on what is meant by "happy" and "smart."
There are already drugs that brighten moods, like Prozac, and other antidepressants that control levels of a brain chemical called serotonin. While originally meant to treat depression, these drugs have been used for other psychological conditions like shyness and anxiety and even by otherwise healthy people to feel better about themselves.
But is putting people in a better mood really making them happy？ People can also drown their sorrows in alcohol or get a euphoric feeling using narcotics, but few people who do so would be called truly happy.
The President's Council on Bioethics said in a recent report that while antidepressants might make some people happier, they can also substitute for what can truly bring happiness: a sense of satisfaction with one's identity, accomplishments and relationships.
"In tike pursuit of happiness human beings have always worried about falling for the appearance of happiness and missing its reality," the council wrote. It added, "Yet a fraudulent happiness is just what the pharmacological management of our mental lives threatens to confer upon us."
Now the race is on to develop pills to make people smarter, at least in one sense. These drugs, several of them already in clinical trials, aim at memory loss that occurs in people with Alzheimer's disease or a precursor called mild cognitive impairment.
But it is lost on no one that if a memory drug works and is safe, it may one day be used by healthy people to learn faster and remember longer.
Studies have already shown that animals can be made to do both whelk the activity of certain genes is increased or decreased. Dr. Tom 'Fully, a professor at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, created genetically engineered fruit flies that he said had "photographic memory." In one session, he said, they could learn something that took normal flies 10 sessions.
"It immediately convinced everyone that memory was going to be just another biological process," Dr. Tully said. "There's nothing special about it. That meant that it was going to be treatable and manip-ulable."
But experts say that improving memory will not necessarily make one smarter, in the sense of I.Q. , let alone in wisdom. "It would be a mistake to think that drugs that have an impact on memory necessarily will have an effect on intelligence," said Dr. Daniel L. Schachter, chairman of psychology at Harvard.
Dr. Tully, who is also acting chief scientific officer of Helicon Therapeutics, which is developing memory pills, agreed. "You don't think better than you did before,' he said. "You just get the facts in with less practice. ' Still, he said, that would be significant help to students at exam time.
Any pill used widely by healthy people to improve memory would have to be extremely safe, so that the risks would not outweigh the benefit. Psychological side effects also remain a possibility.
"Is it a good thing to remember everything？" Dr. Tully asked. Could a brain too crammed with information suffer some sort of overload？
Dr. Joe Z. Tsien, a professor of molecular biology at Princeton who genetically engineered smarter mice a few years ago, says he is skeptical that the results can be transferred to people.
"If you look at how people improve their brain power, it's through education," he said. "That has proven to have 100 percent efficiency with minimal side effects."
There are already antidepressants that control levels of a brain chemical called serotonin.
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
【M1】
听力原文： Researchers have discovered a link between drinking and thinking. A moderate amount of alcohol may help us keep our mental abilities as we age. Brain scans show alcohol abuse kills brain cells. But little is known about the effects of life long drinking. So moderate drinkers may want to toast new findings from researchers at Duke, and Indiana University. Dr. Joe Christian of Indiana University says men who have one or two drinks each day retain slightly stronger comprehension skills than the non-drinker or the heavy drinker. The doctor and his colleagues give metal tests to nearly 4,000 twins between ages of 66 and 76. The moderate drinkers had slightly better reasoning ability than their brothers or sisters who drink more or less. Other studies have found that alcohol in moderation can help the heart. But alcohol abuse can cause bone loss and other health problems. This study was presented at an alcoholism meeting in San Antonio.
(30)
A．Alcohol helps develop people's intelligence.
B．Heavy drinking is not necessarily harmful to one's health.
C．Controlled drinking helps people keep their wits as they age.
D．Drinking, even moderately, may harm one's health.
Section B
Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.
听力原文： Researchers have discovered a link between drinking and thinking. A moderate amount of alcohol may help us keep our mental abilities as we age. Brain scans show alcohol abuse kill brain cells. But little is known about the effects of life-long drinking. So moderate drinkers may want to toast new findings from researchers at Duke, and Indiana Universities. Dr. Joe, Christian of Indiana Universities says men who have one or two drinks each day retain slightly stronger comprehension skills than the non-drinker or the heavy drinker. The doctor and his colleagues gave mental tests to nearly 4,000 male twins between the age of 66 and 76.The moderate drinkers had slightly better reasoning ability than their brothers who drink more or less. Other studies have found that alcohol in moderation can help the heart. Bat alcohol abuse can cause bone loss and other health problems. This study was presented at an alcoholism meeting in San Antonio.
(27)
A．Alcohol helps develop people's intelligence.
B．Heavy drinking is not necessarily harmful to one's health.
C．Controlled drinking helps people keep their wits as they age.
D．Drinking, even moderately, may harm one's health.
Within explicit, or declarative memory, on the other hand, there are specific subsystems that handle shapes, textures such as faces, names--even distinct systems to remember nouns vs. verbs. All of these different types of memory are ultimately stored in the brain' s cortex, within its deeply furrowed outer layer--a component of the brain dauntingly more complex than comparable parts in other species. Experts in brain imaging are only beginning to understand what goes where, and how the parts are reassembled into a coherent whole that seems to be a single memory is actually a complex construction. Think of a hammer, and your brain hurriedly retrieves the tool's name, its appearance, its function, its heft and the sound of its clang, each extracted from a different region of the brain. Fail to connect person ' s name with his or her face, and you experience the breakdown of that assembly process that many of us begin to experience in our 20s and that becomes downright worrisome when we reach our 5Os.
It was this weakening of memory and the parallel loss of ability to learn new things easily that led biologist Joe Tsien to the experiments reported last week. "This age-dependent loss of function." he says, "appears in many animals, and it begins with the onset of sexual maturity."
What' s happening when the brain forms memories--and what fails with aging, injury and disease--involves a phenomenon know as "plasticity". It's obvious that something in the brain changes as we learn and remember new things, but it' s equally obvious that the organ doesn ' t change its overall structure or grow new nerve cells wholesale. Instead, it' s the connections between new cells and particularly the strength of these connections that are altered by experience. Hear a word over and over, and the repeated firing of certain cells in a certain order makes it easier to repeat the firing pattern later on. It is the pattern that represents each specific memory.
Which of the following symptoms can be observed in a person who suffers from the Hunting ton' s disease？
A．He cannot remember what he has done but can remember trying to learn.
B．He cannot do something new but he can remember doing it.
C．He suffers from a bad memory and lack of motor skills.
D．He suffers from a poor basal ganglia and has intact explicit memory
Joe came to the window as the crowd chanted "Joe, Joe, Joe.
A.jumped
B.maintained
C.repeated
D.approached
I invited Joe and Linda to dinner, but ______ of them came.
A．both
B．either
C．neither
D．none
Joe came to the window as the crowd chanted“Joe，Joe，Joe．”
A. repeated
B. jumped
C. maintained
D. approached
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