题目内容
（请给出正确答案）
A、the natural rate of unemployment.
B、cyclical unemployment.
C、structural unemployment.
D、frictional unemployment.
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更多“Unemployment that results because it takes time for workers to search for the jobs that best suit th…”相关的问题
A．The demolition of more and more low-income housing.
B．The rising cost of buying or renting a house.
C．A rapid increase of unemployment rate.
D．A large number of immigrants moving into this country.
Passage two 2016年6月英语六级卷一试题
What can be done about mass unemployment？ All the wise heads agree: there’re no quick or easy answers. There’s work to be done, but workers aren’t ready to do it—they’re in the wrong places, or they have the wrong skills, Our problems are “structural, ”and will take many years to solve.
But don’t bother asking for evidence that justifies this bleak view. There isn’t any. On the contrary, all the facts suggest that high unemployment in America is the result of inadequate demand. saying that there’re no easy answers sounds wise. But it’s actually foolish: our unemployment crisis could be cured very quickly if we had the intellectual clarity and political will to act. In other words, structural unemployment is a fake problem, which mainly serves as an excuse for not pursing real solutions.
The fact is job openings have plunged in every major sector, while the number of workers forced into part-time employment in almost all industries has soared. Unemployment has surged in every major occupational category. Only three states. With a combined population not much larger than that of Brooklyn, have unemployment rates below 5%. So the evidence contradicts the claim that we’re mainly suffering from structural unemployment. Why, then, has this claim become so popular？
Part of the answer is that this is what always happens during periods of high unemployment—in part because experts and analysts believe that declaring the problem deeply rooted, with no easy answers, makes them sound serious.
I’ve been looking at what self-proclaimed experts were saying about unemployment during the Great Depression; it was almost identical to what Very Serious People are saying now. Unemployment cannot be brought down rapidly, declared one 1935 analysis, because the workforce is“unadaptable and untrained. It cannot respond to the opportunities which industry may offer. ”A few years later, a large defense buildup finally provided a fiscal stimulus adequate to the economy’s needs—and suddenly industry was eager to employ those“unadaptable and untrained”workers.
But now, as then, powerful forces are ideologically opposed to the whole idea of government action on a sufficient scale to jump-start the economy. And that, fundamentally, is why claims that we face huge structural problems have been multiplying: they offer a reason to do nothing about the mass unemployment that is crippling out economy and our society.
So what you need to know is that there’s no evidence whatsoever to back these claims. We aren’t suffering from a shortage of needed skills, We’re suffering from a lack of policy resolve. As I said, structural unemployment isn’t a real problem, it’s an excuse—a reason not to act on America’s problems at a time when action is desperately needed.
51. What does the author think is the root cause of mass unemployment in America？
A)Corporate mismanagement.
B)Insufficient demand.
C)Technological advances.
D)Workers’ slow adaptation.
52. What does the author think of the experts’ claim concerning unemployment？
A)Self-evident.
B)Thought-provoking.
C)Irrational.
D)Groundless.
53. What does the author say helped bring down unemployment during the Great Depression？
A)The booming defense industry.
B)The wise heads’ benefit package.
C)Nationwide training of workers.
D)Thorough restructuring of industries.
54. What has caused claims of huge structural problems to multiply？
A)Powerful opposition to government’s stimulus efforts.
B)Very Serious People’s attempt to cripple the economy.
C)Evidence gathered from many sectors of the industries.
D)Economists’ failure to detect the problems in time.
55. What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage？
A)To testify to the experts’ analysis of America’s problems.
B)To offer a feasible solution to the structural unemployment.
C)To show the urgent need for the government to take action.
D)To alert American workers to the urgency for adaptation.
Beryl Harris, 47, is one of the many workers who have opted for the job-share arrangement. "I know what it's like to be unemployed. I've watched my husband lose his self-respect in these last two years."
Sunnington has one of the highest unemployment rates in the country. Ron has been looking for work since Dinkum's broke the news to him two and a half years ago. "I've probably applied for more than a hundred jobs: as a laborer, a watchman and so on and I even tried to get a job as a dustman once--bnt nobody wants a guy of my age."
Ron's experience is not uncommon. "The streets are full of broken men and the employment exchange is one of the worst places imaginable." Ron and Beryl are already starting to worry about whether their two teenage children will find work when they leave school. "It's bad enough with two of us trying to keep busy at home in the afternoons now but I have nightmares thinking about four of us without jobs," says Beryl.
When asked what they think of Dinkum' s new job-share plan, Ron and Beryl Were in agreement. "At least they're trying to find a solution. It' s not their fault that this government of this country has made such a mess of things. Anything's better than living on state benefit and waking up every day without anything to do." Ron recalled cases of an unemployed man committing suicide in a nearby town. "I can see why he did it but I'll never get to that stage." It's a widely recognized problem that people who do not work can become severely depressed and listless.
What does the new mechanism do to solve the problem of unemployment？
A．It guarantees job for people who are employed currently.
B．It helps to get work for more people by giving each of them less work.
C．It ensures a welfare payment to unemployed people.
D．It helps people to find new jobs through providing training.
First, the only serious recessions in which US unemployment rose to highs of 9 percent and 11 percent re【73】, came after fairly high inflation. Second, even recessions of that depth later on t【74】out to be less painful than had been expected because they were short. This was because the a【75】American worker had substantial assets, and was likely to he in a family with more than one worker.
【76】remains as the chief uncertainty about the stability of the US economy is the possibility of inflation. This depends on whether the temptation of the short-term political advantages of inflationary policy can be resisted. The inflation rate in the United States was about 4.5 percent. The economy is much better ad【77】to such a rate now than it was in 1971, when that rate caused the【78】(position) of price controls. Unemployment in America was r【79】near 5.25 percent. That is somewhat higher than used to be considered full employment, but it is not a serious figure, as haft of the unemployed are out of work for five weeks or less, and the average d【80】of unemployment is about twelve weeks. The problem today is serious in that it most affects black youths, who are not being brought into the work force.
(46)
The remarkable thing is that US unemployment has so far stayed strikingly low. While the NASDAQ plunged and growth trailed off last year, the unemployment rate fluctuated between 3.9% and 4.1%. That pales compared with the unemployment rates during Old Economy dark years like 1992 (7.5%) and 1982 (9.7%).
And it gives the lie to an Old Economy article of faith--that there was a "natural rate of unemployment below which the economy could not operate without spurring inflation". The supposed natural rate: just under 6%.
How to account for the strong jobs picture？ In part it's because of the tight labor market of the New Economy. Employers fought hard during the expansion to recruit and retain skilled workers. They are not looking to slash their payrolls unless they think a major recession is coming--because they know how much time and effort went into building their work forces.
There is also more worker "churning" going on. Employees are losing their jobs for economic reasons, but they're generally finding new work quickly. The latest rite of the Internet world is the "pink-slip party" for those just let go. Dotcommers go to commiserate and often come away with new job offers. Job churning makes the economy more efficient: it directs workers to the positions where they are most useful. But it comes at some psychic cost to employees and weakens the social fabric. Workers who shift from job to job do not have the security, or form. the same workplace bonds, which corporate long-timers did in the Old Economy.
Why does GM cut down 15,000 employees？
A．Because the labor conflicts with the management.
B．Because the other companies lay off their employees.
C．Because it has lost its credits in the world.
D．Because the global economy declines.
Labor's concerti over automation arises from uncertainly about the effects on employment, and fears of major changes in jobs. In the main, labor has taken the view that resistance to technical change is unfruitful Eventually, the result of automation may well be an increase in empioy ment, since it is expected that vast industries will grow up around manufacturing, maintaining, and repairing automation equipment. The interest of labor lies in bringing about the transition with a minimum of inconvenience and distress to the workers involved. Also, union spokesmen emphasize that the benefit of the increased production and lower costs made possible by automation should be shared by workers in the form. of higher wages, more leisure, and improved living standards.
To protect the interests of their members in the era of automation, unions have adopted a motion of new policies. One of these is the pro motion of supplementary unemployment benefit plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in such a plan has a direct financial interest in preventing unemployment, he will have a strong drive for planning new installations so as to cause tire leas! possible problems in jobs and job assignments. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements, requiring that permanently dismissed workers be paid a sum of money based on length of service. Another approach is the idea of the "improvement factor", which calls for wage increases based on increases in productivity. It is possible, however, that labor will rely mainly on re duction in working hours in order to gain a full share in the fruits of auto mation.
Though labor worries about the effects of automation, it never doubts that______.
A．automation will eventually prevent unemployment
B．automation will help workers acquire new skills
C．automation will eventually benefit the workers no less than the employers
D．automation is a trend which cannot be stopped
Nike, a company headquartered in Beaverton, Oregon, is a major force in the sports footwear and fashion industry, with annual sales exceeding $ 12 billion, more than half of which now come from outside the United States. Nike has no production facilities in the United States. Rather, the company manufactures athletic shoes and garments in such Asian countries as China, Indonesia, and Vietnam using subcontractors, and sells the products in the U.S. and international markets. In each of those Asian countries where Nike has production facilities, the rates of unemployment and under-employment are quite high. The wage rate is very low in those countries by U.S. In addition, workers in those countries often operate in poor and unhealthy environments and their rights are not particularly well protected. Recently, however, Nike came under worldwide criticism for its practice of hiring workers for such a low rate of pay—“next to nothing” in the words of critics—and condoning poor working conditions in host countries. Discussion points a. What do you think Nike’s executives might have done differently to prevent the sensitive charges of sweatshop labor in overseas factories？ (10 marks) b. What’re the advantages and disadvantages to those cheap-labor countries like China that MNC set their factory in their countries？ (10 marks)
But we need to go further. We must ask some fundamental questions about the future of work. Should we continue to treat employment as the norm？ Should we not rather encourage many other ways for serf-respecting people to work？ Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves, rather than for an employer？ Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighbourhood, as well as the factory and the office, as centres of production and work？
The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most people's work has taken the form. of jobs. The industrial age may now be coming to an end, and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed. This seems a daunting thought. But, in fact, it could offer the prospect of a better future of work. Universal employment, as its history shows, has not meant economic freedom.
Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from people's homes. Later, as transport improved, first by rail and then by road, people commuted longer distances to their places of employment until, eventually, many people's work lost all connection with their home lives and the places in which they lived.
Meanwhile, employment put women at a disadvantage. In preindustrial times, men and women had shared the productive work of the household and village community. Now it became customary for the husband to go out to pay employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and family to his wife. Tax and benefit regulations still assume this norm today, and restrict more flexible sharing of work roles between the sexes.
It was not only women whose work status suffered. As employment became the dominant form. of work, young people and old people were excluded -- a problem now, as more teenagers become frustrated at school and more retired people want to live active lives.
All this may now have to change. The time has certainly come to switch some effort and re sources away from the utopian goal of creating jobs for all, to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full times jobs.
Recent opinion polls show that ______.
A．available employment should be restricted to a small percentage of the population
B．new jobs must be created in order to rectify high unemployment figures
C．available employment must be more widely distributed among the unemployed
D．the present high unemployment figures are a fact of life
听力原文：W: Hi, John!
M: Hi, Beth!
W: Congratulations! I heard you've got a part-time job.
M: No. I wish I had. I'm still on the waiting list.
W: Seems like it's hard to get a good part-time job these days.
M: You bet. I've been searching online for days, but there's little chance...
W: Funny, isn't it？ You're a Management major concentrating on Marketing. Now you've got to learn how to market yourself! Why not look in the local paper？ There're often lots of jobs in it.
M: Are you kidding？ The unemployment figures are up again this month!
W: Don't be so negative. Look at the jobs in the classifieds in today's paper...so many openings. Just print out your resume and send it to them.
M: I usually apply online. I send a short cover letter in the text of the email, and then attach my resume. It's convenient. What about you？ Any luck？
W: Well, I haven't even started planning to look for a job yet. If only I had more time, I could do it.
M: Why so busy？
W: Well, I didn't get good grades last semester and failed two tests...
M: Sorry to hear that. I think no one deserves good grades more than you!
W: Thank. you. The main reason, I guess, was that I didn't get accustomed to the way of learning here. Well, where there's a will, there's a way. I wish you good luck on your job search.
(20)
A．He has got a part-time job.
B．He is still on the waiting list.
C．He has not yet started to look for a job.
D．He is planning to look for a job.
听力原文：Dear Sir,
Last night I watched a Party Political broadcast on television. It was on behalf of the present government and in it the Prime Minister outlined the aims of the government. It made me very angry.
To be fair, their plans for the future of this country are certainly interesting. They say they are going to build more day nurseries for mothers who go out to work, they say they are going to build more schools and increase the grants of university and college students. Then they say they are going to reduce unemployment; improve the National Health Service; cut the cost of dental treatment. And they say they intend to reduce the level of personal taxation. In the same breath they say they are going to cut inflation and thereby reduce the cost of living and help family budgets. Oh, yes, I nearly forgot. They are going to spend millions of pounds on a nuclear defense system to protect us from an enemy attack.
But the question I want to ask is: where are they going to get all the money to put their ideas into practice？ Well, I think 1 know the answer. The money is going to come out of the taxpayers' pocket. That's fight. It's you and me who are going to pay the bill.
Sir, may I suggest the present state of the national economy means these plans are not only unrealistic, they're irresponsible and completely unbelievable.
Yours faithfully,
Jennifer Hudson
Why is the woman writing the letter？
A．Because she feels satisfied with the government.
B．Because she feels angry with the government.
C．Because she feels disappointed with the government.
D．Because she feels proud of the government.
W: Thank you.
M: A lot of young people are very nervous when they go to a job interview for the first time. What's the best way of dealing with this？
W: The obvious answer isn't much help, really, I'm afraid: "Just keep calm and do your best." If you're nervous to start with, this advice probably has the opposite effect. And in fact, a certain amount of tension is probably a good thing. It's the same with the way you sit when the inter viewer asks you to sit down.
M: How do you mean？
W: Well, if you balance on the edge of you chair, it shows you're nervous, but if you relax and make yourself too comfortable, that won't do, either. You should sit naturally, but straight, to show you're paying attention.
M: And I suppose you should face the interviewer when you answer questions.
W: Yes, eye contact is important then, but that doesn't mean you never take your eyes off the interviewer. And it's all right to be naturally pleasant, but don't try too hard.
M: One of the things that upset people most at interviews, I think, is that interviewers often ask trick questions. Even quite innocent questions like "How do you spend your spare time？" can contain traps in certain cases. Suppose the company would prefer an outdoor person but you spend every weekend looking at your stamp collection. What should you doe Should you always tell the truth or pretend to be what the company wants？
W: Tell the truth, yes, but not necessarily the whole truth. It's no good pre tending to be what you're not an experienced interviewer would soon find out but you needn't go out of your way to tell them anything you don't want them to know.
M: One last piece of advice before we sign off？
W: Yes, and it may surprise you. That is that very often young people get carried away just with the idea of winning. It's hard to remember when there's a lot of unemployment, as there is nowadays, but you should be sure that this is the kind of work you want to do and the firm is one that you would enjoy working for. Otherwise you may get the job and then find out that you hate it. So remember to ask sensibly questions as well as to answer sensibly.
(23)
A．She is a job interviewer.
B．She is a university professor.
C．She is a career adviser.
D．She is a psychologist.
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