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提问人：网友KUSILA 发布时间：2022-01-07

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Animal perform. many useful and entertaining jobs. Dogsare particular valuable in guiding

Animal perform. many useful and entertaining jobs. Dogs

are particular valuable in guiding the blind, protecting property, 【S1】______.

finding lost people, and hunting criminals. Horses are used in

guarding herds, carrying men in lands where there are no roads,

and help farmers work their land. Pigeons have long been used 【S2】______.

to carry messages. People realize that, although animals may

not have the same intelligence like human beings, they are 【S3】______.

smart enough to learn certain things. Training a dog to be a

watchdog often produces unexpecting results. Some dogs 【S4】______.

quickly learn the difference between unwanted people and

friend. This is because their masters welcome friends

and invite him into their houses. Some dogs will always attack 【S5】______.

the postman who comes to deliver letters. One explanation for

this behavior. is that, although the postman comes to the houses

often, but he never enters the house. Therefore, the dog thinks 【S6】______.

the postman is someone who is not wanted, but keeps coming

back anyway.

Masters of dogs who attack postmen can easy show the dog 【S7】______.

that the postman is a friend and that the dog does not need to

treat him as an unwanted person. A dog is quite ready to do that 【S8】______.

his master wishes. And a dog is always happy when he is praised

for understanding correctly.

Dogs can be taught to obey commands when the sound of a

word is connected to a certain act. Two important factors in 【S9】______.

teaching a dog to obey commands are: using the same word each

time for the same act, and teaching only one act at a time. Dogs

can learn to not only sit, lie down, come, and staying in place 【S10】______.

when their masters go away, but also to jump, carry, and fetch.

【S1】

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更多“Animal perform. many useful and entertaining jobs. Dogsare particular valuable in guiding”相关的问题

第1题

This type of learning, however, is called conditioning. The animal simply learns that when

it performs a particular behavior, it gets a reward, usually a fish. Many animals, including rats, birds, and even invertebrates, can be conditioned to perform. tricks. We certainly dont think of these animals as our mental rivals. Unlike most other animals, however, dolphins quickly learn by observations and may spontaneously imitate human activities. One tame dolphin watched a diver cleaning an underwater viewing window, seized a feather in its beak, and began imitating the diver—complete with sound effects! Dolphins have also been seen imitating seals, turtles, and even water-skiers.

The word "tempted" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A．conditioned

B．reluctant

C．inclined

D．invited

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第2题

Every morning, Allie wakes up and accompanies her friend to the washroom. She turns on the

light, soaps up a washcloth, and begins cleaning her friend's face. Is Anie an extremely devoted companion？ Yes! Allie is a capuchin monkey who helps her disabled friend perform. everyday tasks.

Monkeys like Allie are just one of many kinds of animals that help improve--or even save--human lives. But not all animals are suited to do every job. Certain animals are "hired" for specific jobs based on their traits, or characteristics. By using different methods of conditioning (training animals to act in a particular way in response to a stimulus, or signal), humans can teach animals toper form. extraordinary tasks.

Throughout history, humans have relied on animals' traits to get certain jobs done. For example, compared with humans, dogs are "far superior at tracking down odors", says Marian Bailey, an animal behaviorist at Henderson State University in Arkansas. That's because dogs have million of olfactory receptors, or smell nerves, in their noses.

For that reason, hunters used dogs to track down prey even in ancient Egypt. Today, dogs my be employed to sniff out illegal substances in school lockers or earthquake victims buried beneath the rabble of the collapsed building or highway.

Primates may not be good sinffers, but they can certainly lend a helping hand--or two. Monkeys are perfect helpmates for quadriplegics, people paralyzed from the neck down who are unable to use their own hands (and legs). Like humans, explains Bailey monkeys have opposable thumbs--thumbs that face the hand's other fingers--so monkeys can pick up objects. Capuchins learn to open doors, clean up spills, and unscrew bottle tops. They can even get a sandwich out of the refrigerator and load your favorite tape into the VCR.

And speaking of VCRs, animals are even helping scientists make a videotape. Jennifer Hurley, an animal researcher at the Long Marine Lab in Santa Cruz, California, is training two sea lions to carry video cameras on their backs to record the natural behavior. of whales.

So how do you get an animal employee to do its job？ The answer, career-training. Trainers teach the animals to obey their instructions through a process called conditioning.

Most trainers condition animals by using positive reinforcement, rewarding an animal for doing something correctly, says animal behaviorist Bailey. For example, trainers teach their dogs how to sniff out drugs by hiding a towel with the smell of drags. "Dogs love to retrieve objects so the towel becomes a reward", says Morris Berkowitz, who heads up a canine drug-sniffing program in New York.

After repeating this game of hide-and-seek many times, the dog begins to "associate the odor with a reward", says Berkowitz. When he gives the command, or stimulus, the dog seeks cot drags (it's like learning to study hard for a tests in order to get a good grade as a reward.)

At "Helping Hands--Monkey Helpers for the Disabled", capuchin monkeys are trained twice before being teamed with a disabled human. First, monkeys are placed with a foster family to become socialized to people. For five years, families help the monkeys adapt to a human environment, so the monkeys will trust and enjoy being around people.

Taking the monkeys in when they're four to six weeks old is important, says Bailey. "That's when monkeys normally become socialized to other monkeys," she says.

Second, trainers at Helping Hands train the monkeys to perform. specific tasks to assist a particular person. For example, a monkey may be trained to scratch an itch, or slip a floppy disc into a computer dive. Trainers reward the monkeys by using positive reinforcement, such as food, drinks.

Allie is a capuchin【16】who helps her disabled friend perform. everyday tasks. Allie is a(n)【17】of ma

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第3题

Some animal behaviorists argue that certain animals can remember past events, anticipate

Some animal behaviorists argue that certain animals can remember past events,

anticipate future ones, make plans and choices, and coordinate activities within

a group. These scientists, however, are cautious about the extent to which animals

can be credited with conscious processing.

(5) Explanations of animal behavior. that leave out any sort of consciousness at

all and ascribe actions entirely to instinct leave many questions unanswered.

One example of such unexplained behavior. Honeybees communicate the sources of

nectar to one another by doing a dance in a figure-eight pattern. The orientation

of the dance conveys the position of the food relative to the sun's position in the sky,

(10)and the speed of the dance tells how far the food source is from the hive. Most

researchers assume that the ability to perform. and encode the dance is innate and shows

no special intelligence. But in one study, when experimenters kept changing the site of the

food source, each time moving the food 25 percent farther from the previous site, foraging

honeybees began to anticipate where the food source would

(15)appear next. When the researchers arrived at the new location, they would find the

bees circling the spot, waiting for their food. No one has yet explained how bees,

whose brains weigh four ten-thousandths of an ounce, could have inferred the location

of the new site. Other behaviors that may indicate some cognition include tool use. Many

(20)animals, like the otter who uses a stone to crack mussel shells, are capable of using objects in the

natural environment as rudimentary tools. One researcher has found that mother chimpanzees

occasionally show their young how to use tools to open hard nuts. In one study, chimpanzees

compared two pairs of food wells containing chocolate chips. One pair might contain, say, five

chips and three chips, the other

(25)our chips and three chips. Allowed to choose which pair they wanted, the

chimpanzees almost always chose the one with the higher total, showing some sort of summing

ability. Other chimpanzees have learned to use numerals to label quantities of items and do simple sums.

What does the passage mainly discuss？

A．The role of instinct in animal behavior

B．Observations that suggest consciousness in an anima behavior

C．The use of food in studies of animal behavior

D．Differences between the behavior. of animals in their natural environments and in laboratory experiments.

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第4题

Instead of "intelligence," some people prefer to speak of "awareness." In any case, cetace

ans probably have a very different awareness and perception of their environment than do humans. Maybe one day we will come to understand cetaceans on their terms instead of ours, and perhaps we will discover a mental sophistication rivaling our own.

A．This type of learning, however, is called conditioning. This reward is merely one possible type of positive reinforcement that leads to more frequent repetition of the behavior. in the future. The animal simply learns that when it performs a particular behavior, it gets a reward, usually a fish. Instead of "intelligence," some people prefer to s Many animals, including rats, birds, and even invertebrates, can be conditioned to perform. tricks.We certainly don"t think of these animals as our mental rivals.Unlike most other animals, however, dolphins quickly learn by observations and may spontaneously imitate human activities. One tame dolphin watched a diver cleaning an underwater viewing window, seized a feather in its beak, and began imitating the diver—complete with sound effects! Dolphins have also been seen imitating seals, turtles, and even water-skiers.

B．This type of learning, however, is called conditioning. Instead of "intelligence," some people prefer to s The animal simply learns that when it performs a particular behavior, it gets a reward, usually a fish. This reward is merely one possible type of positive reinforcement that leads to more frequent repetition of the behavior. in the future. Many animals, including rats, birds, and even invertebrates, can be conditioned to perform. tricks. Instead of "intelligence," some people prefer to s We certainly don"t think of these animals as our mental rivals.Unlike most other animals, however, dolphins quickly learn by observations and may spontaneously imitate human activities. One tame dolphin watched a diver cleaning an underwater viewing window, seized a feather in its beak, and began imitating the diver—complete with sound effects! Dolphins have also been seen imitating seals, turtles, and even water-skiers.

C．This type of learning, however, is called conditioning. Instead of "intelligence," some people prefer to s The animal simply learns that when it performs a particular behavior, it gets a reward, usually a fish.Many animals, including rats, birds, and even invertebrates, can be conditioned to perform. tricks. This reward is merely one possible type of positive reinforcement that leads to more frequent repetition of the behavior. in the future. We certainly don"t think of these animals as our mental rivals. Instead of "intelligence," some people prefer to s Unlike most other animals, however, dolphins quickly learn by observations and may spontaneously imitate human activities. One tame dolphin watched a diver cleaning an underwater viewing window, seized a feather in its beak, and began imitating the diver—complete with sound effects! Dolphins have also been seen imitating seals, turtles, and even water-skiers.

D．This type of learning, however, is called conditioning. Instead of "intelligence," some people prefer to s The animal simply learns that when it performs a particular behavior, it gets a reward, usually a fish.Many animals, including rats, birds, and even invertebrates, can be conditioned to perform. tricks.We certainly don"t think of these animals as our mental rivals. This reward is merely one possible type of positive reinforcement that leads to more frequent repetition of the behavior. in the future. Unlike most other animals, however, dolphins quickly learn by observations and may spontaneously imitate human activities. One tame dolphin watched a diver cleaning an underwater viewing window, seized a feather in its beak, and began imitating the diver—complete with sound effects! Dolphins have also been seen imitating seals, turtles, and even water-skiers.

点击查看答案

第5题

Zoos are under a lot of pressure these days to justify their existence. In the past, colle

ctions of animals were assembled largely to entertain the public or to satisfy a private desire. There was often little understanding of the animal's biological or behavioral needs, and even less perception of a responsibility to justify the collection in terms of science, conservation or popular education. For responsible zoos, this has changed dramatically.

By acting as a reservoir for species, zoos can act as a safety device in case the species become extinct in nature. Zoos can also provide the animals necessary to reintroduce species extinct in the wild once the threats to their survival have been controlled. A second important function of any good zoo must be the education of the visitor. Regardless of the scientific expertise (专长) of the individual, he or she can expect to learn something every time he walks through the zoo gate.

For many people, especially those living in towns, this is the closest they will come to see wild animals. Even with the high quality of the current wildlife films, there is no replacement for seeing the real thing. One must appreciate that for many people an animal simply isn't real if they only see it on a television screen. Zoos provide an opportunity to make the emotional and rational commitment essential to the future of conservation.

Finally, it should be appreciated that zoos provide a unique opportunity for research, the results of which may be crucial to the survival of species.

Apart from the debate over whether zoos perform. a valuable role in society, they are often attacked on animal welfare grounds -- that they are little more than prisons, exploiting their inhabitants for commercial purposes. Unfortunately there is a tendency to tar (玷污) all zoos with the same brush, regardless of fundamental differences in their philosophy, the quality of care given to their animals, and their contribution to science and conservation.

Nobody is arguing that zoos are perfect or that they are a substitute for the wild. But it is important to place them -- the responsible, good zoos -- in the overall context of conservation, and to recognize that they and the staff they support have a valuable role to play in the future.

What is the author's argument in the passage？

A．An important new role has evolved for good zoos: they are not prisons for animals but reservoirs of species.

B．Zoos should learn to justify their existence no matter how great the pressure is.

C．Criticism on zoos ought to be more specific because zoos are not graded on the same level.

D．The function of education of zoos becomes more important and practical.

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第6题

根据材料，回答题。 Sharks Perform. a Service for Earth"s Waters.It is hard to get people to

根据材料，回答题。

Sharks Perform. a Service for Earth"s Waters.

It is hard to get people to think of sharks as anything but a deadly enemy. They are thought to________ （51 ）people frequently. But these fish perform. a ________ （52 ）service for earth"s waters and for human beings. Yet business and sport fishing are threatening their________ （53）. Some sharks are at ________ （54） of disappearing from earth.

Warm weather may influence both fish and shark activity. Many fish swim near coastal areas________ （55 ） their warm waters. Experts say sharks may follow the fish into the same areas，________ （56）people also swim. In fact，most sharks do not purposely charge at or bite humans.

They are thought to mistake a person________ （57 ） a sea animal， such as a seal or sea lion. That is why people should not swim in the ocean when the sun goes down or comes up. Those are the________.（58 ）when sharks are looking for food. Experts also say that bright colors and shiny jewelry may cause sharks to attack.

A shark has an extremely good sense of smell. It can find small amounts of substances in water， such as blood， body liquids and ________ （59）produced by animals. These powerful________ （60） help sharks find their food. Sharks eat fish， any________ （61 ） sharks ，and plants that live in the ocean.

Medical researchers want to learn more about the shark"s body defense and immune systems________ .（62） disease. Researchers know that sharks ________ （63）quickly from injuries. They study the shark in hopes of finding a way to fight human disease.

Sharks are important for the world"s________.（64）. They eat injured and diseased fish. Their hunting activities mean that the numbers of other fish in ocean waters do not become too________ （65）. This protects the plants and other forms of life that exist in the oceans.

回答（51）题查看材料

A.attack

B.meet

C.love

D.visit

点击查看答案

第7题

请根据短文内容，回答题。 Washoe Learned American Sign Language（1) An animal that influenced

请根据短文内容，回答题。

Washoe Learned American Sign Language

(1) An animal that influenced scientific thought has died. A chimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural causes late last month at the age of 42 at a research center in the American state of Washington. Washoe had become known in the scientific community and around the world for her ability to use American Sign Language. She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language. Her skills also led to debate3 about primates and their ability to understand language.＜br＞

(2) Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in 1966. In 1969, the Gardners described Washoe&39;s progress in a scientific report. The people who experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand about 250 words. For example, Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat. She could request foods like apples and bananas. She also asked questions like, "Who is coming to play？"＜br＞

Once the news about Washoe spread, many language scientists began studies of their own into this new and exciting area of research. The whole direction of primate research changed.＜br＞

(3) However, critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from watching her teachers. They said she had never developed true language skills. Even now there are some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign language only by memory,and perform. the signs only for prizes. Yet Washoe&39;s keepers disagree. Roger Fours is a former student of the Gardners. He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg,Washington. There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees, which are still alive.＜br＞

(4) Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believe Washoe provided new information about the mental workings of chimpanzees. Today, there are not as many scientists studying language skills with chimps. Part of the reason is that this kind of research takes a very long time.＜br＞

(5) Debate continues about chimps&39; understanding of human communication. Yet, one thing is sure--Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence.

Paragraph 1 __________ 查看材料

A.Reason why not many scientists carry out this research nowadays

B.Report about Washoe"s progress in leaming sign language

C.General information about Washoe

D.The Gardeners" contributions recognized

E.Debate on chimps" intelligence

F.Washoe"s love for three young chimps

点击查看答案

第8题

根据以下材料，回答题Sharks Perform. a Service for Earth"s WatersIt is hard to get people to

根据以下材料，回答题

Sharks Perform. a Service for Earth"s Waters

It is hard to get people to think of sharks as anything but a deadly enemy. They are thought to 51______ people frequently. But these fish perform. a 52______ service for earth"s waters and for human beings. Yet business and sport fishing are threatening their 53______ Some sharks are at risk of disappearing from 54______

Warm weather may influence both fish and shark activity. Many fish swim near coastal areas 55______ their warm waters. Experts say sharks may follow the fish into the same areas，56______ people also swim. In fact， most sharks do not purposely charge at or bite humans. They are thought to mistake a person 57______ a sea animal， such as a seal or sea lion. That is why people should not swim in the ocean when the sun goes down or comes up. Those are the 58______ when sharks are looking for food. Experts also say that bright colors and shiny jewelry may cause sharks to attack.

A shark has an extremely good sense of smell4. It can find small amounts of substances in water， such as blood， body liquids and 59______ produced by animals. These powerful 60______ help sharks find their food. Sharks eat fish， any 61______ sharks， and plants that live in the ocean.

Medical researchers want to learn more about the shark"s body defense， and immune 62______ against disease. Researchers know that sharks 63______ quickly from injuries. They study the shark in hopes of finding a way to fight human disease.

Sharks are important for the world"s 64______. They eat injured and diseased fish. Their hunting activities mean that the numbers of other fish in ocean waters do not become too 65______

This protects the plants and other forms of life that exist in the oceans.

回答（51）题查看材料

A.attack

B.meet

C.love

D.visit

点击查看答案

第9题

请根据短文的内容，回答题。 Washoe Learned American Sign Language（1) An animal that influen

请根据短文的内容，回答题。

Washoe Learned American Sign Language

(1) An animal that influenced scientific thought has died. A chimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural causes late last month at the age of 42 at a research center in the American state of Washington. Washoe had become known in the scientific community and around the world for her ability to use American Sign Language. She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language. Her skills also led to debate about primates and their ability to understand language.

(2) Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in1966. In 1969, the Gardners described Washoe&39;s progress in a scientific report. The people who experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand about 250 words. For example, Wasboe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat. She could request foods like apples and bananas. She also asked questions like, "Who is coming to play？"

Once the news about Washoe spread, many language scientists began studies of their own into this new and exciting area of research. The whole direction of primate research changed.

(3) However, critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from watching her teachers. They said she had never developed tree language skills. Even now there are some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign language only by memory, and perform. the signs only for prizes. Yet Washoe&39;s keepers disagree. Roger Fouts is a former student of the Gardners.

He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg, Washington. There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees, which are still alive.

(4) Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believe Washoe provided new information about the mental workings of chimpanzees. Today, there are not as many scientists studying language skills with chimps. Part of the reason is that this kind of research takes a very long time.

(5) Debate continues about chimps&39; understanding of human communication. Yet, one thing is sure--Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence.

Paragraph 1__________ 查看材料

A.Reason why not many scientists carry out this research nowdays

B.Report about washoe"s progress in learning sign language

C.General information about washoe

D.The Gardeners" contributions recognized

E.Debate on chimps" intelligence

F.Washoe"s love for three young chimps

点击查看答案

第10题

请根据短文内容，回答题。 Washoe Learned American Sign LanguageAn animal that influenced sci

请根据短文内容，回答题。

Washoe Learned American Sign Language

An animal that influenced scientific thought has died. A chimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural causes late last month at the age of 42 at a research center in the American state of Washington. Washoe had become known in the scientific community and around the world for her ability to use American Sign Language. She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language. Her skills also led to debate about primates and their ability to understand language.＜br＞

Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in 1966.＜br＞

In 1969, the Gardners described Washoe&39;s progress in a scientific report. The people who experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand about 250 words. For example, Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat. She could request foods like apples and bananas. She also asked questions like, "Who is coming to play？" Once the news about Washoe spread, many language scientists began studies of their own into this new and exciting area of research. The whole direction of primate research changed.＜br＞

However, critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from＜br＞

watching her teachers. They said she had never developed true language skills. Even now, there are some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign language only by memory, and perform. the signs only for prizes. Yet Washoe&39;s keepers disagree. Roger Fouts is a former student of the Gardners. He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg, Washington. There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees, which are still alive.＜br＞

Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believe Washoer provided new information about the mental workings of chimpanzees. Today, there are not as many scientists studying language skills with chimps. Part of the reason is that this kind of research takes a very long time.＜br＞

Debate continues about chimps understanding of human communication. Yet, one thing is sure-- Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence.

The Gardners‘ experiment with Washoe__________. 查看材料

A.began in 1969

B.won a big prize

C.lasted three years

D.influenced primate research

点击查看答案

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