听力原文： Lecturer: Welcome to this introductory lecture on the Celts. Who were the

Celts？ The Celts were an Indo-European group, that is, related linguistically

to the Greeks, the Germanic peoples, certain Italic groups and peoples of the

Indian sub-continent. They arose in central Europe at the beginning of the first

millennium B.C. and were an iron using and horse rearing peoples. By the end Q31

of the first millennium B.C. their cultural group had spread up and down the

Danube and Rhine, taking in Gaul, Ireland and Britain, across central Europe,

into northern Italy and northern Spain. Their roaming across Europe led some

of the Celtic tribes to sack Rome in 390 B.C. creating a fear of the northern

barbarians that was to haunt Romans for hundreds of years to come.

The Celts are defined archaeologically by the type-sites of Hallstat

and La Tene, the former being taken to relate to an earlier phase of cultural

development. Hallstat, an ancient salt mining area, was excavated from 1876 Q32

onwards by the Viennese Academy of Sciences and provided the first classification

of the prehistoric Celts. In 1858, the waters of Lake Neuchatel in Q33

Switzerland sunk to a low level, revealing a large prehistoric settlement with

a huge number of surviving artefacts. The nearby town of La Tene gave its

name to the second phase of Celtic cultural development. However, please

note that these phases overlap through time, and are defined according to

geographical area. Let's look at each of these, taking the Hallstadt first.

Hallstatt culture is characterised in 4 stages. A & B were during the Q34

late Bronze Age, from about 1200 to 700 BC; C was in the Early Iron Age,

from about 700-600 BC; D was from about 600 to 475 BC. The Hallstatt

culture spanned central Europe, with its centre in the area around Hallstatt in

Central Austria. There were two distinct cultural zones—the eastern and the

western. At the start of the period, long distance trade was already well established

in copper and tin—the basic requirements for manufacture of bronze. Q35

From about 700 BC, trade in iron also became established. The Hallstat area

also already controlled the trade in salt, crucial when there were few other

means to preserve food. Control of these two crucial trade goods—iron and

salt—provided the basis for the accumulation of wealth and influence. From

800 BC, some burials of rich people can be identified, in central Europe,

with grave goods such as wheeled wagons and iron swords.

Hallstatt C saw the construction of fortified hilltop settlements to the Q36

North of the Alps. These had burial mounds holding very high quality goods,

such as vehicles and expensive imported treasures. By the time of the Hallstart

D period, these increasingly extravagant burial mounds were clustered

around a few major hill forts to the southwest of the region. This suggests a

development and a concentration of wealth and social power, possibly based

on the development of Massilia (present-day Marseilles) as a Greek trading

port. The expansion of luxury trade brought greater opportunities for profit Q37

and helped to create an increasingly stratified society, with the development

of a wealthy nobility. Over the period from 1846 to 1863, a thousand graves

were found at Hallstatt, with an astonishing range of artefacts, including

clothing and salt mining equipment as well as weapons, jewellery, pottery

and imported bronze vessels in the "chieftains'" graves.

The La Tene era was the time of Celtic expansion and migration and Q38

the time of formation