Social distance may【66】af______how openly employee...

第1题

听力原文： Social distance may affect / how openly employees speak about their work. People

of the same rank / may talk frankly to one another / about how things are going. However, they may be less honest / with someone higher up in the hierarchy--for fear of prejudicing their position in the company. For this reason / employees often alter the facts / to tell the boss what he or she wants to hear. One way of reducing social distance / is to cut down the ways / in which employees can indicate higher status.

Physical distance can affect / how well people communicate. The farther away one person is from another, the less often they communicate. Some research has shown / that when the distance is more than 10 meters, the probability of communicating / at least once a week is only 8%. The most important thing for all managers to remember / is that communication is a two-way process. They should encourage their employees to ask questions / and to react to what the managers are saying. /

(1)

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第2题

Proxemics is the study of what governs how closely one person stands to another. People wh

o feel close will be close, though the actual distances will vary between cultures. For Americans we can discern four main categories of distance: intimate, personal, social and public. Intimate ranges from direct contact to about 45 centimeters. This is for the closest relationships such as those between husband and wife. Beyond this comes personal distance. This stands at between 45 and 80 centimeters. It is the most usual distance maintained for conversations between friends and relatives. Social distance covers people who work together or are meeting at social gatherings. Distances here tend to be kept between 1.30 to 2 meters. Beyond this comes public distance, such as that between a lecturer and his audience.

All cultures draw lines between what is an appropriate and what is an inappropriate social distance for different types of relationship. They differ, however, in where they draw these lines. Look at an international reception with representatives from the US and Arabic countries conversing and you will see the Americans pirouetting backwards around the hall pursued by their Arab partners. The Americans will be trying to keep the distance between themselves and their partners which they have grown used to regarding as "normal". They probably will not even notice themselves trying to adjust the distance between themselves and their partners, though they may have vague feeling that their Arab neighbors are being a bit "pushy". The Arab, on the other hand, coming from a culture where much closer distance is the norm, may be feeling that the Americans are being "stand-offish". Finding themselves happier standing close to and even touching those they are in conversation with they will persistently pursue the Americans round the room trying to close the distance between them.

The appropriateness of physical contact varies between different cultures too. One study of the number of times people conversing in coffee shops over a one hour period showed the following interesting variations: London, 0; Florida, 2; Paris, 10; and Puerto Rico 180. Not only does it vary between societies, however, it also varies between different subcultures within one society. Young people in Britain, for example, are more likely to touch and hug friends than are the older generation. This may be partly a matter of growing older, but it also reflects the fact that the older generation grew up at a time when touching was less common for all age groups. Forty years ago, for example, footballers would never hug and kiss one another on the field after a goal as they do today.

In proxemics, ______ governs the standing space between two persons.

A．distance

B．culture

C．conversation

D．relationship

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第3题

Proxemics（空间关系学) is the study of what governs how closely one person stands to anothe

Proxemics(空间关系学) is the study of what governs how closely one person stands to another. People who feel close will be close, though the actual distances will vary between cultures. For Amreicans we can discern four main categories of distance: intimate, personal, social and public. Intimate ranges from direct contact to about 45 centimeters. This is for the closest relationships such as those between husband and wife. Beyond this comes personal distance. This stands at between 45 and 80 centimeters. It is the most usual distance maintained for conversations between friends and relatives. Social distance covers people who work together or are meeting at social gatherings. Distances here tend to be kept between 1.30 to 2 meters. Beyond this comes public distance, such as that between a lecturer and his audience. All cultures draw lines between what is an appropriate and what is an inappropriate social distance for different types of relationship. They differ, however, in where they draw these lines. Look at an international reception withrepresentatives from the US and Arabic countries conversing and you will see the Americans pirouetting(快速旋转) backwards around the hall pursued by their Arab partners. The Americans will be trying to keep the distance between themselves and their partners which they have grown used to regarding as “normal”. They probably will not even notice themselves trying to adjust the distance between themselves and their partners, though they may have vague feeling that their Arab neighbors are being a bit “pushy”. The Arab, on the other hand, coming from a culture where much closer distance is the norm, may be feeling that the Americans are being “stand-offish”. Finding themselves happier standing close to and even touching those they are in conversation with they will persistently pursue the Americans round the room trying to close the distance between them. The appropriateness of physical contact varies between different cultures too. One study of the number of times people conversing in coffee shops over a one hour period showed the following interesting variations: London, 0; Florida, 2; Paris, 10; and Puerto Rico 180. Not only dose it vary between societies, however, it also varies between different subcultures within one society. Young people in Britain, for example, are more likely to touch and hug friends than are the older generation. This may be partly a matter of growing older, but it also reflects the fact that the older generation grew up at a time when touching was less common for all age groups. Forty years ago, for example, footballers would never hug and kiss one another on the field after a goal as they do today. In proxemics, ____ governs the standing space between two persons.

A.distance

B.culture

C.conversation

D.relationship

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第4题

听力原文：In the United States many parents teach their children at home by themselves. The

听力原文： In the United States many parents teach their children at home by themselves. The U. S. Department of Education estimates there are 250,000 to 350,000 home-schooled children in the country.

The reasons of home-schooling vary widely. Children may be home-schooled because they are ill and cannot attend a normal school. Distance is the reason for children living on outback land or large farms. It may take hours to get to school and back home each day. Their parents think it inhumane to send their children to state boarding school. Some home schoolers think low of public school education which lacks of religious perspective. They want their children to learn not only traditional subject matter but strict religious teaching and a conservative political and social perspective. Other home-schoolers want to keep their children away from other children, because their family' s faith or lifestyle. is very different from that of those who attend the local school.

There are, of course, some drawbacks of home-schooling. Social isolation is the major problem. Children are naturally social creatures and love to form. friendship and learn in a group setting. Also, many home-schooled children may feel bored interacting with just their parents for many hours a day. And needless to say, not ail parents make good instructors.

(33)

A．215,000.00

B．Less than 250,000.

C．More than 350,000.

D．About 300,000.

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第5题

请根据短文内容，回答题。

Spacing in Animals Flight Distance

Any observant person has noticed that a wild animal will allow a man or other potential enemy to approach only up to a given distance before it flees. "Flight distance" is the terms used for this interspecies spacing. As a general rule, there is a positive relationship between the size of an animal and its flight distance- the larger the animal, the greater the distance it must keep between itself and the enemy. An antelope will flee when the enemy is as much as five hundred yards away. The wall lizard&39;s flight distance, on the other hand is about six feet. Flight is the basic means of survival for mobile creatures.

Critical Distance Critical distance apparently is present wherever and whenever there is a flight reaction.

"Critical distance" includes the narrow zone separating flight distance from attack distance. A lion in a zoo will flee from an approaching man until it meets a barrier that it cannot overcome. If the man continues the approach, he soon penetrates the lion&39;s critical distance, at which point the cornered lion reverses direction and begins slowly to stalk the man.

Social Distance Social animals need to stay in touch with each other. Loss of contact with the group can be fatal for a variety of reasons including exposure to enemies. Social distance is not simply the distance at which an animal will lose contact with his group -- that is, the distance at which it can no longer see, hear, or smell the group- it is rather a psychological distance, one at which the animal apparently begins to feel anxious when he exceeds its limits. We can think of it as a hidden band that contains the group.

Social distance varies from species to species. It is quite short--apparently only a few yards--among some animals, and quite long among others.

Social distance is not always rigidly fixed but is determined in part by the situation. When the young of apes and humans are mobile but not yet under control of the mother&39;s voice, social distance may be the length of her reach. This is readily observed among the baboons in a zoo.

When the baby approaches a certain point, the mother reaches out to seize the end of its tail and pull it back to her. When added control is needed because of danger, social distance shrinks. To show this in man, one has only to watch a family with a number of small children holding hands as they cross a busy street.

Which of the following is the most appropriate definition of Flight Distance？查看材料

A.Distance between animals of the same species before fleeing

B.Distance between large and small animals before fleeing

C.Distance between an animal and its enemy before fleeing

D.Distance between certain animal species before fleeing

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第6题

Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each p

Section B

Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.

听力原文： Unconsciously, we all keep a comfortable distance around us when we interact with other people. This space between us and another person forms invisible walls. The amount of space changes depending on the nature of the relationship. For example, we are usually more comfortable standing closer to tamely members than to strangers. Personality also determines the size of the area with which we are comfortable when talking to people. Introverts often prefer to interact with others at a greater distance than do extroverts. Cultural styles are important too. A Japanese employer and employee usually stand farther apart while talking than their American counterparts. Latin Americans and Arabs tend to stand closer than Americans do when talking.

For Americans, the usual distance in social conversation ranges from about an arm's length to four feet. Less space in the American culture may be associated with the slightest accidental touching of another person revealing how uncomfortable Americans are if people are too close. In cultures where close physical contact is acceptable and even desirable, Americans may be perceived as cold and distant.

(27)

A．The distance kept between people is a wall.

B．The distance is comfortable.

C．The distance varies from culture to culture.

D．The distance is somewhat fixed..

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第7题

Unconsciously, we all keep a comfortable distance around us when we interact with other people. This

space between us and another person(1)invisible walls.

The(2)of space changes(3)on the nature of the relationship. For(4), we are usually more comfortable standing closer to family members(5)to strangers. Personality(6)determines the size of the area(7)we are comfortable when talking to people. Introverts (性格内向的人) often prefer(8)with others(9)a greater distance than do extroverts. Cultural styles are important too. A Japanese employer and employee usually stand(10)apart while talking than their American counterparts. Latin Americans and Arabs(11)to stand closer than Americans do when talking.

For Americans, the usual distance in social conversation(12)from about an arm's(13)to four feet. Less space in the American culture may be(14)with either greater intimacy(15)aggressive behavior. The common practice of saying, "Excuse me," for the slightest(16)touching of another person(17)how uncomfortable Americans are if people get too(18). In cultures(19)close physical contact is(20)and even desirable, Americans may be perceived (感觉认为) as cold and distant.

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第8题

Many Americans find silence uncomfortable during a buffet or a formal dinner. 【C1】______ i

n the States there is the 【C2】______ practice of making "small talk" in certain social situation. Small talk deals 【C3】______ various topics, superficially, simply for the sake of keeping a conversation 【C4】______ . The topics 【C5】______ include the weather, sports, college courses, clothing, food, etc. Small talk is 【C6】______ useful at social gathering when you meet someone for the first time, or when polite conversation is expected but no serious discussion 【C7】______ .

It is common but not necessarily expected that one should know 【C8】______ in a group before engaging him or her in conversation. 【C9】______ , at a party or 【C10】______ informal social gatherings, a simple " May I join you？" and a self-introduction is normally sufficient 【C11】______ acceptance into a group and to join in a conversation. In some 【C12】______ , such as the lobby of a concert hall or theater, a waiting room or a classroom, it is common for 【C13】______ to start a conversation even 【C14】______ an introduction.

【C15】______ the informality that pervades U. S. society, people in the States expect those whom they 【C16】______ to put aside 【C17】______ they are doing and listen. As a 【C18】______ , the conversation distance between two people is at least two or three 【C19】______ . Standing at a closer range will make many Americans feel 【C20】______ .

【C1】______

A．But

B．And

C．So

D．Or

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第9题

In the past few decades, remarkable findings have been made in ethology, the study of anim

al social behavior. Earlier scientists had【21】that nonhuman social life was almost totally instinctive or fixed by genetics. Much more careful observation has shown that【22】variation occurs among the social ties of most species, showing that [earning is a part of social life. That is, the【23】are not solely fixed by the genes.【24】, the learning that occurs is often at an early age in a process that is called imprinting. Imprinting is clearly【25】instinctive, but it is not quite like the learning of humans, it is something in between the two. An illustration best【26】the nature of imprinting. Once, biologists thought that ducklings followed the mother duck because of instincts. Now we know that. shortly【27】they hatch, ducklings fix【28】any object about the size of a duck and will henceforth follow it. So ducklings may follow a basketball or a briefcase if these are【29】 for the mother duck at the time when imprinting occurs. Thus, social ties can be considerably【30】, even ones that have a considerable base【31】by genetics.

Even among the social insects something like imprinting【32】influence social behavior. For example, biologists once thought bees communicated with others purely【33】instinct. But, in examining a "dance" that bees do to indicate the distance and direction of a pollen source, observers found that bees raised in isolation could not communicate effectively. At a higher level, the genetic base seems to be much more for an all-purpose learning rather than the more specific responses of imprinting. Chimpanzees, for instance, generally【34】very good mother but Jane Goodall reports that some chimps carry the infant. upside down or【35】fail to nurture the young.

(21)

A．assumed

B．adopted

C．believed

D．surmised

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第10题

The social distance between the writer and the recipient decides what language styles should be used.

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Social distance may【66】af______how openly employees speak about their work. People of the