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提问人：网友hy673369825 发布时间：2022-01-07

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Psychologists now believe that noise has a considerable effect on people's attitudes and b

ehaviors. Experiments have proved that in noisy situations(even temporary ones), people behave more irritably and less cooperatively; in more permanent noisy situations, many people can not work hard, and they suffer from severe anxiety as well as other psychological problems. However, psychologists distinguish between "sound" and "noise". "Sound" is measured physically in decibels. "Noise" cannot be measured in the same way because it refers to the psychological effect of sound and its level of "intensity" depends on the situation. Thus, for passengers at an airport who expect to hear airplanes taking off and landing, there may be a lot of sound, but not much noise(that is, they are not bothered by the noise). By contrast, if you are at a concert and two people behind you are whispering, you feel they are talking noisily even if there is not much sound. You notice the noise because it affects you psychologically. Both sound and noise can have negative effects, but what is most important is if the person has control over the sound. People walking down the street with earphones, listening to music that they en joy, are receiving a lot of decibels of sound, but they are probably happy to hear sounds which they control. On the other hand, people in the street without earphones must tolerate a lot of noise which they have no control over. It is noise pollution that we need to control in order to help people live more happily.

According to the passage, people ______.

A．can net work in a noisy situation

B．will suffer from complete deafness because of noise pollution

C．can be psychologically affected by working in very noisy factories

D．may cooperate well in a noisy surrounding

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更多“Psychologists now believe that noise has a considerable effect on people's attitudes and b”相关的问题

第1题

Which of the following statements about mental health can be inferred from paragraph 3？A．M

Which of the following statements about mental health can be inferred from paragraph 3？

A．Many psychologists have challenged the idea that mental health is related to positive illusions.

B．Psychologists have only recently begun to consider positive illusions as symptoms of mental disorder.

C．Psychologists now agree that more mental health research is needed to learn how people can gain an accurate perception of reality.

D．Some psychologists now believe that people who lack a realistic self-perception may actually be mentally healthy.

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第2题

Critics of early schooling cite research that questions whether 4-year-old children are re

ady to take on formal learning. Educators find that【21】toddlers are more likely to succeed during. their school careers.【22】their younger counterparts are more likely to【23】. Kindergarten children who turn five during the【24】half of the year seem to be at a disadvantage when it【25】physical, emotional, social, and intellectual development. Additionally, children who are nearly six when they enter kindergarten【26】to receive better grades and score higher on achievement【27】throughout their schooling experience【28】do those who begin kindergarten having just turned five. Being bright and verbally skillful and being ready for school do not seem to be the【29】thing. It is easy to confuse the superficial poise and sophistication of many of today's children【30】inner maturity. Indeed, evidence suggests that early schooling boomerangs: Youngsters【31】parents push them to attain academic success in preschool are less creative, have【32】anxiety about tests, and, by the end of kindergarten, fall to maintain their initial academic advantage【33】their less-pressured peers.

Many psychologists and educators remain skeptical of approaches that place 4-year-olds in a formal educational setting. They question【34】environmental enrichment can significantly alter the built-in developmental timetable of a child reared in a non-disadvantaged home. They do not deny, however, the【35】of day-care centers and nursery schools that provide a homelike environment and allow children【36】freedom to play, develop at their own【37】, and evolve their social skills. But they point out that many of the things children once did in first grade are now【38】of them in kindergarten, and they worry lest more and more will now be asked of 4- year-olds. These psychologists and educators believe we are driving young children too【39】and thereby depriving them of their【40】.

(21)

A．older

B．taller

C．Stronger

D．smarter

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第3题

What causes men to pursue top management？ Psychologists once believed that the 【C1】______

that caused men to strive to attain high-level managerial 【C2】______ was the "need for achievement". 【C3】______ now they believe it is the "need for 【C4】______ ".

Power seekers strive hard to 【C5】______ positions where they can 【C6】______ authority 【C7】______ large numbers of people.

Individual performers who lack this 【C8】______ are not likely to 【C9】______ far up the managerial ladder. They usually scorn company politics and 【C10】______ their energies to other types of activities. The power 【C11】______ is part of management, and it is played best by those who enjoy it 【C12】______ .

One of the least rational 【C13】______ of business organizations is that of 【C14】______ managers who have a 【C15】______ need to exercise authority, and then teaching them that authoritative 【C16】______ are wrong and that they should be consultative or participative. It is a serious mistake to teach managers that they should 【C17】______ styles that are inconsistent 【C18】______ their unique personalities. Yet this is precisely what a large number of business organizations are doing; and it explains, 【C19】______, why their management development programs are not 【C20】______ .

【C1】

A．move

B．motive

C．exercise

D．objective

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第4题

SECTION 3Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its cont

SECTION 3

Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its content. After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

Behavioral psychologists apprehend that conditioned fear responses to a

tone previously paired with a shock diminish, if the tone is repeatedly presented

without the shock, a process known as extinction. Since Pavlov it has been

Line hypothesized that this extinction does not erase conditioning, but forms a new

(5) memory. Research has now demonstrated that destruction of the infralimbic

cortice blocks recall of fear extinction, indicating that it might store long-term

extinction memory. Infralimbic neurons recorded during fear conditioning and

extinction fire to the tone only when rats are recalling extinction on the

following day, and rats indicating the least fear responses also demonstrate the

(10) greatest increase in infralimbic tone responses. Conditioned tones paired with

brief electrical stimulation of infralimbic cortex elicit low fear responses in rats

that have not undergone extinction. Thus, stimulation resembling extinction-

induced infralimbic tone responses is able to simulate extinction memory.

According to the passage, behavioral psychologists studying the extinction process have discerned which of the following？

A．The exact length of time required for a fear response to become extinct in a human subject

B．The effect of tone conditioning in comparison with other forms of stimuli

C．The possible effects of surgical operations on the infralimbic cortice

D．The potential of tone conditioning in treating undesirable fear responses

E．The limits of Pavlov's contribution to modern behavioral psychology

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第5题

A few years ago a young mother watched her husband diaper（给...换尿布) their firstborn son

A few years ago a young mother watched her husband diaper(给...换尿布) their firstborn son. "You don't have to be so unhappy about it," she protested. "You can talk to him and smile a little." The father, who happened to be a psychologist, answered firmly, "He has nothing to say to me, and I have nothing to say to him."

Psychologists now know how wrong that father was. From the moment of birth, a baby has a great deal to say to his parents and they to him. But a decade or so ago, these experts were describing the newborn as a primitive creature who reacted only by reflex, a helpless victim of its environment without capacity to influence it. And mothers accepted the truth. Most thought(and some still do) that a new infant could see only blurry shadows, that his other senses were undeveloped, and that all he required was nourishment, clean diapers, and a warm bassinet.

Today university laboratories across the country are studying newborns in their first month of life. As a result, psychologists now describe the new baby as perceptive, with remarkable learning abilities and an even more remarkable capacity to shape his or her environment—including the attitudes and actions of his parents. Some researchers believe that the neonatal period may even be the most significant four weeks in an entire lifetime.

Far from being helpless, the newborn knows what he likes and rejects what he doesn't. He shuts out unpleasant sensations by closing his eyes or averting his face. He is a glutton for novelty. He prefers animate things over inanimate and likes people more than anything.

When a mere nine minutes old, an infant prefers a human face to a head-shaped outline. He makes the choice despite the fact that, with delivery-room attendants masked and gowned, he has never seen a human face before. By the time he's twelve hours old, his entire body moves in precise synchrony to the sound of a human voice, as if he were dancing. A non-human sound, such as a tapping noise, brings no such response.

The author points out that the father diapering his firstborn son was wrong because ______.

A．he thought the baby didn't have the power of speech

B．he believed the baby was not able to hear him

C．he was a psychologist unworthy of his profession

D．he thought the baby was not capable of any response

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第6题

听力原文：Most people feel lonely sometimes. But it usually only lasts between a few minute

听力原文： Most people feel lonely sometimes. But it usually only lasts between a few minutes and a few hours. This kind of loneliness is not serious. In fact, it is quite normal. For some people though, loneliness can last for years. Now researchers say there are three different types of loneliness.

The first kind of loneliness is temporary. This is the most common type. It usually disappears quickly and does not require any special attention. The second kind, situational loneliness, is a natural result of a particular situation--for example, a family problem, the death of a loved one, or moving to a new place. Although this kind of loneliness can cause physical problems, such as headaches and sleeplessness, it usually does not last for more than a year. The third kind of loneliness is the most severe. Unlike the second type, chronic loneliness usually lasts more than two years and has no specific cause. People who experience habitual loneliness have problems socializing and becoming close to others. Unfortunately, many chronically lonely people think there is little or nothing they can do to improve their conditions. Psychologists agree that one important factor in loneliness is a person's social contacts, e.g. , friends, family members, co-workers, etc. We depend on various people for different reasons. For instance, our families give us emotional support, our parents and teachers give us guidance, and our friends share similar interests and activities. However, psychologists have found that, though lonely people may have many social contacts, they sometimes feel they should have more. They question their own popularity.

(30)

A．Types of Loneliness.

B．Causes of Loneliness.

C．Solutions to Loneliness.

D．Loneliness.

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第7题

Psychologists originally used the term short-term memory to refer to the ability to hold i

nformation in mind over a brief period of time. As conceptions of short-terra memory expanded to include more than just the brief storage of information, psychologists created new terminology. The term working memory is now commonly used to refer to a broader system that both stores information briefly and allows manipulation and use of the stored information.

Psychologists often study working memory storage by examining how well people remember a list of items. In a typical experiment, people are presented with a series of words, one every few seconds. Then they are instructed to recall as many of the words as they can, in any order. Most people remember the words at the beginning and end of the series better than those in the middle. This phenomenon is called the serial position effect because the chance of recalling an item is related to its position in the series. In this experiment, recall was tested either immediately after presentation of the list items or after 30 seconds. Subjects in both conditions demonstrated what is known as the primacy effect, which is better recall of the first few list items. Psychologists believe this effect occurs because people tend to process the first few items more than later items. Subjects in the immediate-recall condition also showed the recency effect, or better recall of the last items on the list.

Working memory has a basic limitation: It can hold only a limited amount of information at one time. Early research on short-term storage of information focused on memory span--bow many items people can correctly recall in order. More recent studies have attempted to separate true storage capacity from processing capacity by using tests more complex than memory span. These studies have estimated a somewhat lower short-term storage capacity than did the earlier experiments. People can overcome such storage limitations by grouping information into chunks, or meaningful units.

Working memory is critical for mental work, or thinking. The ability to carry out these kinds of calculations depends on working memory capacity, which varies individually. Studies have also shown that working memory changes with age. As children grow older, their working memory capacity increases. Working memory declines in old age and in some types of brain diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease. Working memory capacity is correlated with intelligence (as measured by intelligence tests). This correlation has led some psychologists to argue that working memory abilities are essentially those that underlie general intelligence. In addition, research suggests that there are different types of working memory. For example, the ability to hold visual images in mind seems independent from the ability to retain verbal information.

The concept of working memory is ______ that of short memory.

A．equal to

B．narrower than

C．broader than

D．irrelevant to

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第8题

SECTION 3Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its cont

SECTION 3

Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its content. After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

Behavioral psychologists apprehend that conditioned fear responses to a

tone previously paired with a shock diminish, if the tone is repeatedly presented

without the shock, a process known as extinction. Since Parlor it has been

hypothesized that this extinction does not erase conditioning, but forms a new

(5) memory. Research has now demonstrated that destruction of the infralimbic

cortice blocks recall of fear extinction, indicating that it might store long-term

extinction memory. Infralimbic neurons recorded during fear conditioning and

extinction fire to the tone only when rats are recalling extinction on the

following day, and rats indicating the least fear responses also demonstrate the

(10) greatest increase in infralimbic tone responses. Conditioned tones paired with

brief electrical stimulation of infralimbic cortex elicit low fear responses in rats

that have not undergone extinction. Thus, stimulation resembling extinction-induced

infralimbic tone responses is able to simulate extinction memory.

According to the passage, behavioral psychologists studying the extinction process have discerned which of the following？

A．The exact length of time required for a fear response to become extinct in a human subject

B．The effect of tone conditioning in comparison with other forms of stimuli

C．The possible effects of surgical operations on the infralimbic cortice

D．The potential of tone conditioning in treating undesirable fear responses

E．The limits of Pavlov's contribution to modern behavioral psychology

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