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提问人：网友xqhpx001 发布时间：2022-01-07
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SECTION 3Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its cont

SECTION 3

Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its content. After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

Periodic realignment of the Earth's magnetic field occurs two ways: the

first, "field regeneration", or the creation of new magnetic fields from the

ambient geomagnetic field, takes place because magnetic field lines are trapped

Line in effective electrical conductors. The field is trapped in molten iron which

(5) moves in response to the forces imposed upon it and as the core moves, the field

lines are stretched and twisted, creating a new magnetic field. The second

process is the diffusion of the magnetic fields: in the same way that a drop of

dye will soon diffuse throughout a swimming pool, a concentration of magnetic

field lines diffuses throughout the planet's outer core. On the large scale of

(10) stars and planets, the field lines are caught up in the fluid motion and distorted,

generating a new magnetic field before diffusing away. This rarer type of field

reversal is likely caused by unexplained larger changes in the flow in the outer

core, though scientists have suggested such fluctuations may simply be extreme

examples of fluctuations in the dynamo processes-an El Nino in the weather of

(15) the outer core.

The passage is chiefly concerned with

A．offering an explanation of the process that causes a phenomenon, and a counter-explanation

B．demonstrating how two processes act in symbiotic coordination in causing a phenomenon

C．establishing how one process causes a phenomenon which is resisted by a second process

D．explaining two separate processes which cause a mostly identical phenomenon

E．outlining the essential differences between two distinct phenomenon that issue from a single cause

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更多“SECTION 3Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its cont”相关的问题
第1题
SECTION 3Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its cont

SECTION 3

Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its content. After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

Researchers have noted that ants arrange their dead using the same

principles thought to produce the markings on animal skin and on tropical sea

shells, a first clear example of so-called Turing patterns in higher organisms.

Line Turing argued that activation occurs through a feedback process that amplifies

(5) small variations in the concentration of one of the ingredients, while inhibition

causes a concentration of activity to suppress the appearance of similar

concentrations nearby. Ant graveyards are an example of a self-amplifying

activation process: ants are more likely to drop a corpse on a pile than

elsewhere, and because collecting bodies and adding them to a pile sweeps the

(10) surrounding space clear, new cemeteries are inhibited from appearing in the

vicinity of existing ones. While activator-inhibitor mechanisms have previously

been proposed to explain how predators and prey distribute themselves across an

ecosystem, it is the first time such a system has conclusively proven that

Turing's process operates at the level of colonies and ecosystems.

The main idea of the passage is that

A．explanations of the process by which higher organisms explain themselves have remained elusive until now

B．self-amplifying activation processes may one day explain most natural processes

C．scientists have discovered the first proof of Turing patterns to higher organism communities

D．explanations of how organisms organize themselves into patterns are no longer so elusive as they once were

E．activation processes are essential to the survival of many ant species

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第2题
SECTION 3Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its cont

SECTION 3

Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its content. After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

Feminist critics have often pondered whether a postmodern language may

be articulated that obviates the essentialist arrogance of much modernist and

some feminist discourse and does not reduce feminism to silences or a purely

Line negative and reactionary stance. This ideal may be actualized in a discourse that

(5) recognizes itself as historically situated, as motivated by values and, thus,

political interests, and as a human practice without transcendent justification.

The author Dorothy Allison meets these criteria by focusing on women who have

been marginalized by totalizing forces and ideas, while simultaneously

reminding the reader, through the wide range of women that she portrays and

(10) their culpability in her protagonists' predicaments, that unlike pure and

transcendent heroes, women are real characters and morally complex. Allison

insists that humans are burdened with the responsibility of fashioning their own

stories, quotidian as they may be, and while these will never offer the solace of

transcendent justification, the constant negotiation between the word and the

(15) world avoids reticence on the one hand and the purely negative on the other.

It can be inferred from the passage that the author views the transcendent justification through literature as a concept that

A．derives from a negative stance toward feminism

B．predates the birth of postmodernism as a literary movement

C．encourages writers to tell humdrum stories

D．limits the construction of morally complex characters

E．contributes to the politicization and historical orientation of texts

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第3题
SECTION 3Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its cont

SECTION 3

Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its content. After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

While chemists try to assemble molecules using a combination of theoretical

principles and practical experience to mold molecules that have desired

structural and chemical properties, nanotechonologists generally seek to make

Line more than a single molecule. They build arrays of identical or complexed

(5) molecules, sometimes on a scale that will transcend the boundaries of the

microscopic and approach the macroscopic, using both top-down and bottom-up

approaches. The first is exemplified by scientists who build objects and

molecular arrays using the techniques of scanning probe microscopy, while the

second is exemplified by investigators who design two-and three-dimensional

(10) chemical systems that cohere according to the rules of chemical interactions.

The top-down approach has exquisite precision, but its disadvantage is its lack

of extensive parallelism; it requires manipulating atoms and molecules

practically one by one, while the bottom-up approach is massively parallel. But

in both cases, scientists are forced to use the difficult nanometer scale, i.e. the

(15) level at which living systems tend to make their structural components, rather

than the angstrom scale of chemistry.

The primary purpose of the passage is to

A．indicate some possible technological benefits to the development of new and varied techniques in nanotechnology

B．argue that science involving the macroscopic tends to be exponentially more difficult than the science of the microscopic

C．defend the use of the bottom-up approach of building molecules as more efficient relative to the top-down approach

D．distinguish two different approaches in nanotechnology and comment on their differences and similarities

E．correct the misconception that the benefits of nanotechnology are likely to be seen in the near future

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第4题
SECTION 3Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its cont

SECTION 3

Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its content. After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

Scientists have long sought the reasons for the relatively young age of the

majority of Martian meteorites discovered on Earth in comparison with the age

of Mars, an enigma exarcebated by the fact that the Martian rocks were ejected

Line by only six or seven separate impact events. Previous tests had predicted that

(5) driving meteorites to Earth would require a collision with an asteroid immense

enough to make a crater 12-kilometers across, but because such huge impacts

are extremely infrequent, it was unlikely that enough of them could have

occurred to explain our planet's Martian meteorite collection.

Now astronomer James Head's higher-resolution models demonstrate that

(10) collisions making craters only three kilometers across can jettison 10 million

fragments, each about 10 centimeters across, into space, a distribution

sufficient to cause some of them to be found on Earth. Sections of the planet

covered by debris (thus likely to be made up of older terrain) would require

larger and hence rarer impacts, and thus meteorites which reach Earth are

(15) predictably biased toward younger ages.

The passage is primarily concerned with

A．presenting an argument to support a particular hypothesis

B．suggesting an answer to a theoretical question

C．questioning the assumptions of a research project

D．criticizing experimental results

E．explaining the origin of certain scientific data

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第5题
SECTION 3Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its cont

SECTION 3

Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its content. After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

Scientists have long sought the reasons for the relatively young age of the

majority of Martian meteorites discovered on Earth in comparison with the age

of Mars, an enigma exacerbated by the fact that the Martian rocks were ejected

by only six or seven separate impact events. Previous tests had predicted that

(5) driving meteorites to Earth would require a collision with an asteroid immense

enough to make a crater 12-kilometers across, but because such huge impacts

are extremely infrequent, it was unlikely that enough of them could have

occurred to explain our planet's Martian meteorite collection.

Now astronomer James Head's higher-resolution models demonstrate that

(10) collisions making craters only three kilometers across can jettison 10 million

fragments, each about 10 centimeters across, into space, a distribution

sufficient to cause some of them to be found on Earth. Sections of the planet

covered by debris (thus likely to be made up of older terrain) would require

larger and hence rarer impacts, and thus meteorites which reach Earth are

(15) predictably biased toward younger ages.

The passage is primarily concerned with

A．presenting an argument to support a particular hypothesis

B．suggesting an answer to a theoretical question

C．questioning the assumptions of a research project

D．criticizing experimental results

E．explaining the origin of certain scientific data

点击查看答案
第6题
SECTION 3Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its cont

SECTION 3

Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its content. After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

Behavioral psychologists apprehend that conditioned fear responses to a

tone previously paired with a shock diminish, if the tone is repeatedly presented

without the shock, a process known as extinction. Since Pavlov it has been

Line hypothesized that this extinction does not erase conditioning, but forms a new

(5) memory. Research has now demonstrated that destruction of the infralimbic

cortice blocks recall of fear extinction, indicating that it might store long-term

extinction memory. Infralimbic neurons recorded during fear conditioning and

extinction fire to the tone only when rats are recalling extinction on the

following day, and rats indicating the least fear responses also demonstrate the

(10) greatest increase in infralimbic tone responses. Conditioned tones paired with

brief electrical stimulation of infralimbic cortex elicit low fear responses in rats

that have not undergone extinction. Thus, stimulation resembling extinction-

induced infralimbic tone responses is able to simulate extinction memory.

According to the passage, behavioral psychologists studying the extinction process have discerned which of the following？

A．The exact length of time required for a fear response to become extinct in a human subject

B．The effect of tone conditioning in comparison with other forms of stimuli

C．The possible effects of surgical operations on the infralimbic cortice

D．The potential of tone conditioning in treating undesirable fear responses

E．The limits of Pavlov's contribution to modern behavioral psychology

点击查看答案
第7题
SECTION 3Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its cont

SECTION 3

Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its content. After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

Although the dance critic Connerton defines social memory as composed of

the recollections and images of the past that a particular social group considers

worthy of preservation, he does not properly account for its development. By

Line highlighting the role of dance's ritual enactment in conveying and sustaining

(5) social memory, he emphasizes dance performance's unconscious

communications, rather than the conscious transmission of the community's

folklore and history. While he successfully establishes that "bodily social

memory of dance" is a highly conservative force that creates an inertia in

society's structures and may be implicated in the legitimization of the present

(10) social order, he does not adequately account for the complexities in the

processes of bodily inscription, for it is precisely because bodily automatism

limits the scope for critical evaluation, or readability, that the body is a site of

intense struggle over the control of what is inscribed upon it. Nor does

Connerton acknowledge that the very physical violence he describes as

(15) perpetrated upon bodies, especially subordinate bodies, to habituate them to

submissive dance postures, attests in reality to their unwillingness to submit to

inscription, and not vice-versa. Thus his theory is helpful in articulating the

nature of social memory, but ultimately fails to explain how such memories are

acquired.

According to the passage, which of the following does Connerton exclude from his conception of the cultural role of dance？

A．The role of physical violence in establishing submissive dance postures

B．The notion that dance preserves and ossifies social structures

C．The function of dance in providing a conscious reminder of a community' history

D．The role of dance in sustaining social memory

E．The process of bodily inscription in creating bodily social memory

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第8题
SECTION 3Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its cont

SECTION 3

Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its content. After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.

Trends toward reform. highlight the international appeal of decentralization,

but the realities of educational and social inequity remain the same or worsen

even when such reforms are put into place, especially in the ways in which

Line educational quality is being defined. A major question remains: if education

(5) continues to be ineffective in achieving greater social good, what role has the

dialectic between global and local to play in the eminent failure of education for

social transformation？ All too often the work of sociologists criticizes the

hegemony of the globalizing idea and its relationship to local forms of belief and

practice, while blithely assuming that the indigenous challenge and respond to

(10) the external meta-narrative but retain a fundamental innocence with respect to

that narrative. I argue that instead cultures, nations, and societies utilize the

global theme to further reinforce and create new categories of the exotic and the

other-even within their own borders-to support internally generated and

maintained inequities.

The primary purpose of the passage is to

A．build a case for increasing efforts to improve educational quality in indigenous societies

B．advocate an alternative to the explanation that the inequity of indigenous societies has resulted from outside forces

C．explain the failure of educational reforms in increasing the international appeal of decentralization of global authority

D．suggest the type of response to globalization that would help create social equity in indigenous societies

E．argue against the definition of globalization currently advocated by sociologists

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