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Only in recent years ________ begun to realize the importance of Internet.
A．people have
B．have people
C．that people have
D．since have people
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Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.
The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such "captive" shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who fed they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme eases.
Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It's theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. "Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace"? Asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.
Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be tilt with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes. Still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail's net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who's going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.
According to those who support mergers railway monopoly is unlikely because ______.
A．cost reduction is based on competition
B．services call for cross-trade coordination
C．outside competitors will continue to exist
D．shippers will have the railway by the throat
A、they encountered various adversities or criticisms
B、they followed their passion to inspire themselves
C、they had the gifts and talents that they were given
D、they lived an energetic, enthusiastic and contented life
The UK university system is second only to the vastly bigger US system in its number of internationally top-ranked universities, and in the percentage of overseas students it attracts each year. These are significant achievements, too often overlooked. They were not quickly or easily won. In an increasingly competitive world, they can be quickly and permanently lost.
Within the UK, universities deliver huge benefits, particularly well documented in science, technology and medicine, the greatest of which may be the flow of graduates into the workforce. The most remarked-upon, however, is the rapid expansion of our role as innovators with a significant economic impact. In recent years, high-technology and biotechnology clusters have sprung up around a number of research-intensive universities.
Focusing only on what is most easily measured or o immediate economic impact is to miss the deeper point, of course. Through the arts, humanities and social sciences, this country’s universities contribute broadly to society, adding greatly to human well-being. Although universities are offering their best help in the economic downturn, as institutions we are above all for the students of today who will be the workforce, citizens and leaders of tomorrow; the discoveries that will transform. the future; the scholarly insights that will change the way the world thinks and acts.
What has made the UK system so successful? I point to the quality of water we provide, the talent we attract, and the diversity of strengths that we offer. The diversity of UK universities is partially reflected in our differences in age, size, history, governance, in the makeup of our student bodies, course offerings, the kinds of research we do, the combination of teaching and research, and the balance of academic and professional or pre-professional training.
1.According to the passage, the number of the internationally top-ranked universities in the UK is only less than that of ______ in the world.
A. Japan
B. France
C. Germany
D. the United States
2.According to the author, the most important contribution made by UK universities to society is _______.
A. the quality graduates
B. scientific discoveries
C. technological improvements
D. biotechnological achievementA B C D
3.According to the author, universities should pay more attention to _______.
A. measures with economic impact
B. current issues
C. people and discoveries that will change the future
D. economic downturnA B C D
4.According to the author, UK university system is very successful, because they offer quality education, ________.
A. and attract different kinds of professors and students
B. and all universities are world famous
C. and focus on what is most easily measured
D. attract the talent, and have many strengthsA B C D
5.The passage is probably written by a UK_______.
A. government official
B. educational expert
C. salesman
D. economist
Polls can【C7】______ to effective government by keeping political leaders from getting too far【C8】______ line with the public's thinking. In a democratic society, the effectiveness of a public policy often depends on the【C9】______ of its public【C10】______ .when a policy is【C11】______ the public's desires, people may choose to【C12】______ or undermine it, thus making it counterproductive or inefficient.【C13】______ , when government【C14】______ a course of action with which a large proportion of the public disagrees, it【C15】______ a loss of public confidence, which can have a negative effect【C16】______ its ability to lead. The Reagan administration, flying high from 1981 to 1985,【C17】______ was brought low in 1986 by public reaction to news of its secret sales of weapons to Iran. The administration had not paid【C18】______ attention to polls that【C19】______ the deep antagonism Americans still felt toward Iran because the Ayatollah Khomeini's regime had held three American hostages.
However, leaders can also do a disservice to the public they represent by using poll results as a【C20】______ for policy judgment. Effective government, as Walter Lippmann wrote, cannot be conducted by legislators and officials who, when a question is presented, ask themselves first and last not what is the truth and which is the right and necessary course.
【C1】
A．investigation
B．polls
C．ideas
D．complaints
A．discrimination
B．recognition
C．admission
D．indecision
A．cost
B．expense
C．price
D．value
A．How Babies Learn to Speak
B．Early Forms of Language
C．A Huge Task for Children
D．Noise Making and language Learning
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