To whom or what does the pronoun" they" in underline , Para. 5 refer?
A.The original building sites.
B.The townspeople.
C.The burned-down houses and shops.
D.The landlords.
A.man in general
B.the reader
C.the writer
D.none of the above
The pronoun "it" in the sentence "It is not widely known in the United States" (paragraph 5) may refer to ______.
A.an International Climate Protection Award
B.the EPA, that is, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
C.the refrigerator project mentioned in the passage
D.the mass purchasing program for Chinese government agencies
The pronoun "it"in the sentence "It is not widely known in the United States" (Para. 5)may refer to____.
A.an International Climate Protection Award
B.the EPA,that is,the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
C.the refrigerator project mentioned in the passage
D.the mass purchasing program for Chinese government agencies
Assessing a paraphrase for plagiarism: Read the texts below and then answer the questions that follow. Original text Traditionally, in oral and written discourses, the masculine pronoun ‘he’ was used as a pronoun to refer to a person whose gender was unknown or irrelevant to the context. Recently, this usage has come under criticism for supporting gender-based stereotypes and is increasingly considered inappropriate (reference). (adapted from Wikipedia) Paraphrase 1 Paraphrase 2 If the gender of a person was not known or was unimportant to the meaning of oral or written discourses, it was customary to use the masculine form of ‘he’ when a pronoun was required. In modern usage, however, there has been growing concern about this practice because it appears to privilege stereotypes based on gender (reference). In oral and written discourses, it has been traditional to use the masculine ‘he’ as a pronoun to refer to an individual whose gender was not known or irrelevant to the context. Increasingly, in recent times, this usage has been criticized for supporting gender-based stereotypes that are considered inappropriate (reference). 来源https://aso-resources.une.edu.au/academic-writing-course/information-basics/paraphrasing-authors/ Which one is a better paraphrase?
A、Paraphrase 1 is better.
B、Paraphrase 2 is better.
C、
D、
Some Notes on Gender-Neutral Language
General
The practice of assigning masculine gender to neutral terms comes from the fact that every language reflects the prejudices of the society in which it evolved, and English evolved through most of its history in a male-centered, patriarchal society. Like any other language, however, English is always changing. One only has to read aloud sentences from the 19th century hooks assigned for this class to sense the shifts that have occurred in the last 150 years. When readers pick up something to read, they expect different conventions depending on the time in which the material was written. As writers in 1995, we need to be not only aware of the conventions that our readers may expect, but also conscious of the responses our words may elicit. In addition, we need to know how the shifting nature of language can make certain words awkward or misleading.
"Man"
Man once was a truly generic word referring to all humans, but has gradually narrowed in meaning to become a word that refers to adult male human beings. Anglo-Saxons used the word to refer to all people. One example of this occurs when an Anglo-Saxon writer refers to a seventh-century English princess as "a wonderful man". Man paralleled the Latin word homo, "a member of the human species." not vir, "an adult male of the species." The Old English word for adult male was waepman and the old English word for adult woman was wifman. In the course of time, wifman evolved into the word "woman." "Man" eventually ceased to be used to refer to individual women and replaced waepman as a specific term distinguishing an adult male from an adult female. But man continued to be used in generalizations about both sexes.
By the 18th century, the modern, narrow sense of man was firmly established as the predominant one. When Edmund Burke, writing of the French Revolution, used men in the old, inclusive way, he took pains to spell out his meaning: "Such a deplorable havoc is made in the minds of men (both sexes) in France..." Thomas Jefferson did not make the same distinction in declaring that "all men are created equal" and "governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed." In a time when women, having no vote, could neither give nor withhold consent, Jefferson had to be using the word men in its principal sense of "males," and it probably never occurred to him that anyone would think otherwise. Looking at modern dictionaries indicate that the definition that links "man' with males is the predominant one. Studies of college students and school children indicate that even when the broad definitions of "msn" and "men" are taught, they tend to conjure up images of male people only. We would never use the sentence "A girl grows up to be a man," because we assume the narrower definition of the word man.
The Pronoun Problem
The first grammars of modern English were written in the 16th and 17th centuries. They were mainly intended to help boys from upper class families prepare for the study of Latin, a language most scholars considered superior to English. The male authors of these earliest English grammars wrote for male readers in an age when few women were literate. The masculine-gender pronouns(代词) did not reflect a belief that masculine pronouns could refer to both sexes. The grammars of this period contain no indication that masculine pronouns were sex-inclusive when used in general references. Instead these pronouns reflected the reality of male cultural dominance and the male-centered world view that resulted.
"He" started to be used as a generic pronoun by grammarians who were trying to change a long-established tradition of using "they" as a singular pronoun. In 1850 an Act of Parliament gave official sanction(批准)to the recently invented concept of the "generic" he. In the language used in acts of Parliament, the
A.Y
B.N
C.NG
The words used to describe women are used as an instrument by feminist sociolinguists to denote an inherent sexism in the English language. Word pairs such as master and mistress and sir and madam, they claim, epitomize such sexism. All of the words in question once held positive connotations but, while the masculine forms have retained their respectable associations, the feminine forms have undergone pejoration and now imply sexual promiscuity and other negative characteristics. Feminist researchers assume that such pejoration indicate that the status of women in English-speaking society is relatively low.
These researchers also find fault with the use of masculine words to describe unisex entities. For example, they feel that there is nothing inherently manly about mankind, the best man for the job, or the common man. Similarly, the use of such constructions as the "the average student is worried about his grades" indicate to these researchers an inherent sexism in English that is reflective of the cultures in which they are produced.
Carolyn Jacobson, author of Non-sexist Language has proposed a solution to this conundrum. She advocates the elimination of all sexed words in favor of gender-neutral terms. No longer should we refer to actors and actresses or waiters and waitresses, as such dichotomies allow for the possibility of negative connotations being associated with the feminine designation. Likewise, she believes that phrases such as mankind should give way to human kind and that the use of the masculine pronoun as the default should be abandoned in favor of neutral constructions. Thus, when sexism is eliminated from the English language, the culture will be more amenable to the deliverance of women as well.
The primary purpose of this passage is to ______.
A.compare and contrast ideology in various cultures
B.prove a commonly held belief to be wrong
C.describe a problem and a possible solution
D.analyze the historical origins of a modern situation
The relative pronoun" which' in the last paragraph (Line 5) refers to ______.
A.theories
B.experts
C.periods
D.issues
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