题目内容
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A．Snake bites.
B．Big black ants.
C．Worms fleeing from the floods.
D．A fatal epidemic disease.
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A．the similarity between the two periods
B．that it was an act of God
C．that both tried to develop the inductive method
D．due to the decline of the deductive method
Why the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first rapid development at the culmination of Greek civilization, advanced so slowly for two thousand years—and why in the following two hundred years a knowledge of natural and mathematical science has accumulated, which so vastly exceeds all that was previously known that these sciences may be justly regarded as the products of our own times—are questions which have interested the modern philosopher not less than the objects with which these sciences are more immediately conversant. Was it the employment of a new method of research, or in the exercise of greater virtue in the use of the old methods, that this singular modern phenomenon had its origin？ Was the long period one of arrested development, and is the modern era one of normal growth？ Or should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to so-called historical accidents—to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible, save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding Providence？
The explanation which has become commonplace, that the ancients employed deduction chiefly in their scientific inquiries, while the moderns employ induction, proves to be too narrow, and fails upon close examination to point with sufficient distinctness the contrast that is evident between ancient and modern scientific doctrines and inquiries. For all knowledge is founded on observation, and proceeds from this by analysis, by synthesis and analysis, by induction and deduction, and if possible by verification, or by new appeals to observation under the guidance of deduction—by steps which are indeed correlative parts of one method; and the ancient sciences afford examples of every one of these methods, or parts of one method, which have been generalized from the examples of science.
A failure to employ or to employ adequately any one of these partial methods, an imperfection in the arts and resources of observation and experiment, carelessness in observation, neglect of relevant facts, by appeal to experiment and observation—these are the faults which cause all failures to ascertain truth, whether among the ancients or the moderns; but this statement does not explain why the modern is possessed of a greater virtue, and by what means he attained his superiority. Much less does it explain the sudden growth of science in recent times.
The attempt to discover the explanation of this phenomenon in the antithesis of "facts" and "theories" or "facts" and "ideas"—in the neglect among the ancients of the former, and their too exclusive attention to the latter—proves also to be too narrow, as well as open to the charge of vagueness. For in the first place, the antithesis is not complete. Facts and theories are not coordinate species. Theories, if true, are facts—a particular class of facts indeed, generally complex, and if a logical connection subsists between their constituents, have all the positive attributes of theories.
Nevertheless, this distinction, however inadequate it may be to explain the source of true method in science, is well founded, and connotes an important character in true method. A fact is a proposition of simple. A theory, on the other hand, if true has all the characteristics of a fact, except that its verification is possible only by indirect, remote, and difficult means. To convert theories into facts is to add simple verification, and the theory thus acquires the full characteristics of a fact.
The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is ______.
A．Philosophy of Mathematics
B．The Recent Growth in Science
C．The Verification of Facts
D．Methods of Scientific Inquiry
B．Talking and laughing can damage your voice as much as singing.
C．Talking slowly helps protect your voice.
D．The woman occasionally works on weekends.
Estimates of the number of Americans currently without a permanent home vary wildly. Advocacy groups like the National Coalition for the Homeless say that close to 3 million Americans live on the streets or in emergency and temporary shelters. The U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development puts the figure at 350,000.
Yet both bureaucrats and advocates agree on one point, that is, the face of homelessness has changed radically in the past 10 years, as more and more low-income housing is mowed down in the name of progress. Some 20 years ago, says Kristen Morris, assistant director of the New York, office of the National Coalition for the Homeless, the typical "street person" was a White male who suffered from a mental illness or an addiction to drugs or alcohol. Today's homeless, however, are a more eclectic group.
More than 60 percent of the homeless today are Black, mostly single mothers with small children. More than half of them have never been homeless before. In many cases, they have been evicted form. their homes or the low-income housing in which they lived was demolished or burned down. About 60 percent of all homeless people live on some form. of public assistance with an average monthly income of 210 dollars. About 20 percent are mentally ill. According to Marie Robinson who is a lawyer for the coalition for the Homeless, "There has been a real democratization of skid row". All sorts of people have been pushed out of the housing market because of the critical shortage of affordable places to live.
As a result, homelessness has climbed to the top of the "me-generation's" short list of social concerns. But there is a great gap between concern and active involvement in the effort to solve this growing problem. For many people, the inaction is due to ignorance, not indifference. According to Ellen Rocks, who is executive director of the House of Ruth, a Washington, D. C. organization that provides shelter and other services to women who are homeless or are the victims of domestic violence, "There are a lot of people who want to get involved but don't really know how. "
The fact is that there are many ways in which individuals can help the homeless. Yet for those people truly interested in the cause, one of the first steps is to get to know the homeless and understand how they became that way. Many advocates believe that it is important for middle-class people to get to know and reach out to the homeless and bridge the gap that exists. "Middle-class people have to learn that what is happening in America today is an all-out war on the poor. Just as America once robbed the Indians of their land, today we're robbing the poor of affordable housing. "
Questions：
16. According to the U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, how many Americans are homeless？
17.According to the talk, which of the following is responsible for the dramatic growth rate of homelessness？
18.Which of the following statements is TRUE about the homeless people？
19.Why is there a great gap between mere concern and active involvement in solving the problem？
20.According to the talk, what is one of the first steps to help these homeless people？
(36)
A．250,000.
B．350,000.
C．3, 000,000.
D．3,500,000.00
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