He insisted on continuing the scientific experimen...

第1题

Continuing medical education is particularly ineffective in developing countries.A．RightB．

Continuing medical education is particularly ineffective in developing countries.

A．Right

B．Wrong

C．Not mentioned

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第2题

Written materials constitute the best form. of continuing medical education.A．RightB．Wrong

Written materials constitute the best form. of continuing medical education.

A．Right

B．Wrong

C．Not mentioned

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第3题

More effective continuing medical education is called for in many countries.A．RightB．Wrong

More effective continuing medical education is called for in many countries.

A．Right

B．Wrong

C．Not mentioned

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第4题

Nearly all physicians participate in continuing medical education to______with the massive

amount of information being discovered each year about human health.

A．catch on

B．link up

C．get on

D．hold on

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第5题

Continuing Medical EducationThere is increasing recognition of the need for health workers

Continuing Medical Education

There is increasing recognition of the need for health workers to continue their education throughout their careers. Not only do health workers themselves wish to improve their own skills and competence, but the introduction of new techniques and equipment and the changes taking place in health needs and health care policies necessitate continued training. The phrase "health care" is intended to mean not just curative treatment for the sick but the whole range of provision for promoting health and preventing disease.

In virtually every situation some response to this need has been made, so continuing education does take place -- even though it may in many instances be ineffective or insufficient. Continuing education may be initiated by the health workers themselves, by their supervisors, by the managers of the health system, or by other agencies such as professional associations, publishers, and drug companies. The form. of the continuing education may be written materials (journals, books, advertisements), meetings, courses, supervisory visits, or a variety of other methods.

With this diversity of approach it is not surprising that the effectiveness of continuing education should be variable. 4 So it is natural that in many countries there is concern that more continuing education should be provided and that it should be more effective.

The approach suggested that to achieve this aim is to develop a "system" of continuing education. This term needs some explanation as it is capable of being interpreted in many ways. A system is not the same thing as an organization that provides continuing education. It is much more than that. It is the sum of the educational activities, the organizational structure that supports and manages those activities, the management, and the external agencies involved in the provision of health care. s The system should comprise a nationwide coordinated program in which technology and resources are optimally used.

Health workers themselves are aware of the importance of continued training.

A．Right

B．Wrong

C．Not mentioned

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第6题

Is Continuing Ed for You？ Continuing education is important for everyone now, in all field

Is Continuing Ed for You？

Continuing education is important for everyone now, in all fields. Almost as soon as you've completed a field of study and begun working -- new ideas, approaches and techniques will be under discussion. To stay current in your discipline and to assure work success and career progression, it's imperative you stay on top of emerging techniques and technologies that affect your work area.

Even if you have worked in the same field for years and have accumulated a rich repertoire of experience, Continuing Ed is vital. Many occupations are now adopting "skill standards" that will formally define the knowledge desired or required for that field. In order to assure your ongoing career stability, you'll want to be sure to keep current and at least meet, if not exceed, defined "skill standards".

Certification, in a wide variety of fields, is becoming more and more common these days, too. Even if you're already in the occupation -- if today's new hires are expected to be certified in particular areas, it will be to your advantage to certify yourself as well.

Ongoing education is one of the surest routes to promotion and it increases job security. It also enhances opportunity on the job market when you're seeking a new job. And, carefully planned, it can provide a good insurance policy against obsolescence. If trends indicate that your career field or industry is in a downturn, with continuing education, it's possible to acquire new skills and successfully move into another occupation or industry. Reality is: There's no way to lose with continuing education.

So, exactly what is "continuing education"？ It can take many forms. For those in certain career areas (i e., legal/medical) there are certain prescribed courses one must take within a certain timeframe. in order to remain licensed. In other areas, like technology, there are new languages, new operating systems and the like released continually that may be important to learn about for your particular field or business niche. For some, achieving specific certifications is vital. But, sometimes, Continuing Ed is less specific. Sometimes it's up to you to decide what courses/new learning will benefit you in your current job or on the job market as a whole.

The reason for the necessity of continuing education is that______

A．you have to stay current in your discipline

B．new ideas and technologies are to be discussed

C．you have just completed your studies

D．you are just beginning to work

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第7题

In the United States, medical licensure is controlled by each state, territory, and common

wealth. Licensure depends on furnishing evidence of satisfactory completion of the standard medical curriculum in an American or Canadian medical school, clinical experience, and satisfactory performance on an examination.

In theory, possession of a valid medical license entities a physician to practice all branches of medicine and surgery within that jurisdiction. In actuality, further training is needed beyond receipt of the M.D. degree. Such training, called graduate medical education, is controlled by a quasi autonomous non-governmental body called the American Council on graduate medical education. This body is made up of representatives from each specialty board and from hospitals, medical schools, specialty societies, and the American Medical Association (AMA, with one member appointed by the federal government.) Working through committees and its constituent organizations, the council approves each hospital training program and endorses an examination given by the appropriate specialty board. This laborious method of specialty certification sets a standard or practice. As noted, when the family-practice specialty was established, certification was for the first time granted only for a defined interval, after which the practitioner must be reexamined. The specialist must also take part in a certain number of hours of continuing medical education each year. Both of these new departures may in time become standard for all of the other specialty boards.

Most physicians in active practice has hospital privileges. That is, they are members of the medical staff of a hospital and are allowed to admit patients to that hospital. To practice at a hospital, however, requirements in addition to a license are mandated by the governing body of the institution. Hospitals are divided into clinical services that reflect the various medical specialties, and staff privileges are valid only for a specific service, increasingly, certification by the appropriate board as well as participation in the educational meetings of the service are being required for such validation.

In most nations other than the United States, licensure is a national rather than a provincial matter. Graduation from one of the schools within a country often entitles a physician to a license without further examination. In most countries, however, physicians are required to complete further examinations in order to be accredited as specialists.

Which of the following is not necessary for a person to get his medical license？

A．a medical school degree.

B．Practical clinical experience.

C．Recommendation from specialists.

D．Passing an examination for qualification.

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第8题

When a drug is one that should be used only under a doctor's supervision, the law requires

that it be sold only by prescription (处方). Special tests or instructions may be needed. Drugs for serious diseases may require a prescription to insure safe and correct use.

A prescription is as personal as your name. It is designed for you alone. It is based on such factors as your age, weight, general health, allergies (过敏症), and other factors, as well as your illness.

Never take a prescription drug meant for another person, even if you think you have the same illness. Prescriptions aren't supposed to be traded around the family or neighborhood. Each prescription is intended for an individual. It is a violation of federal law to sell a prescription drug without a prescription.

Doctors and dentists are licensed by each state to prescribe drugs for human use. Doctors for veterinary (兽医的) medicine are licensed to prescribe drugs for animal use.

A licensed medical doctor must pass all examination m practice medicine in a certain state. Before doing this, he or she has probably completed at least two years of a premedical course, a four-year medical course, two years of internship (实习) or residency in a hospital, and perhaps an extra year or more of training in a specialty -- altogether at least eight years of medical training, possibly nine.

Don't take prescriptions written for you during a previous illness without first checking with your doctor. Your illness may not be the same as the previous one, even though you think it is. Also the drug may have lost strength. Only a doctor is qualified to advise you about continuing to take a medicine.

Why does the law require that some drugs be used under a doctor's prescription？

A．Because they are not safe.

B．Because they need further special tests.

C．Because they are meant to cure serious diseases.

D．Because the prescription can ensure the safe use of the drugs.

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第9题

U.S. Blacks Hard-hit by CancerDeath rates for cancer are falling for all Americans, but bl

U.S. Blacks Hard-hit by Cancer

Death rates for cancer are falling for all Americans, but black Americans are still more likely to die of cancer than whites, the American Cancer Society said Monday.

In a special report on cancer and blacks, the organization said blacks are usually diagnosed with cancer later than whites, and they are more likely to die of the disease.

This could be because of unequal (不平等的) access to medical care, because blacks are more likely to have other diseases as well, and perhaps because of differences in the biology (生物学) of the cancer itself, the report added.

"In general, black Americans have less hope of surviving five years after diagnosis than whites for all cancer sites and all stages of diagnosis," the report said.

"In describing cancer statistics for black Americans, this report recognizes that many of the differences associated with race may be caused by unfair social and economic differences and unequal access to medical care."

The cancer society said blacks should be encouraged to get check-ups (体格检查) earlier, when cancer is more treatable, and it said more research is needed to see if biological differences play a role;

"The new statistics emphasize the continuing importance of wiping out these unfair social differences through public policy and education efforts," the organization said in a statement.

But it also noted a drop in cancer death rates.

"Cancer death rates in both sexes for all sites combined have dropped greatly among black Americans since 1992, as have incidence rates (发生率)," said the report.

Black Americans are more likely to die of cancer than

A．people in other countries.

B．white Americans.

C．all other Americans.

D．their ancestors.

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第10题

Some drug makers pay key leaders in a field of medicine, such as chairs of departments in

medical schools, tens of thousands of dollars if they are saying the right things about their product. They manipulate medical education sessions, lectures, articles in medical journals, research studies, even personal conversations between physicians to get their product message across.

Now a huge collection of drug company internal documents—revealed as part of a lawsuit—offers a wealth of detail. In 1996, Dr. David Franklin, an employee of the drug company Parke-Davis, filed the lawsuit under federal whistleblower statutes alleging that the company was illegally promoting a drug called Neurontin for so called "off-label' uses. Under federal law, once the FDA approves a drug, a doctor can prescribe it for anything. But the law specifically prohibits the drug company from promoting the drug for any unapproved uses. In 2004, the company, by then a division of Pfizer admitted guilt and agreed to pay $430 million in criminal and civil liability related to promoting the drug for off-label use.

Spokespeople for Pfizer say that any wrong doing occurred before Pfizer acquired the company. But Pfizer fought hard to keep all the papers related to the suit under seal. A judge denied the request and they are now part of the Drug Industry Document Archive at the University of California, San Francisco.

What is most interesting is not the illegal actions they reveal, but the details of activities that are perfectly legal. And according to people familiar with the industry, the methods detailed in these company memos are routine.

One tactic identifies certain doctors as "thought leaders, "—those whose opinions influence the prescribing pattern of other doctors. Those whose views converge with the company goals are then showered with rewards, research and educational grants. In the Parke-Davis case 14 such big shots got between $10,250 and $158,250 between 1993 and 1997.

"Medical education drives this market", wrote the author of one Parke-Davis business plan in the files. Many state licensing boards require physicians to attend sessions in what is called continuing medical education (CME) to keep current in their field.

At one time, medical schools ran most CME courses. Now, an industry of medical education and communications committees (MECCs) run most of the courses. These companies with innocent sounding names like Medical Education Systems set up courses, sometimes in conjunction with medical meetings, at other times often in fancy restaurants and resorts. The drug companies foot the bill, with the program usually noting it was financed by an "unrestricted educational grant" from the company.

Using MECCs, Parke-Davis set up conference calls so that doctors could talk to one another about the drugs. The moderators of the calls, often thought leaders or their younger assistants, received $250 to $500 a call. Drug company reps were on the line, instructed to stay in a "listen only" mode, but monitoring to be sure the pitch met their expectations.

Clearly, 'many of the physicians in these schemes are not innocent bystanders. Whether it is ghost writing, making telephone calls to colleagues or leading a CME session, many of the doctors got paid well. Others received a free meal or transportation to a resort to listen to an "educational session".

Physicians often claim they are not influenced by payments from the pharmaceutical industry. But with the methods so thoroughly detailed in these papers, drug companies clearly believe they are getting their money's worth.

The drug companies are willing to pay leading doctors to

A．manipulate medical education sessions.

B．improve the individual health-care service.

C．have personal contact with physicians.

D．help promote the drugs they produce.

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第11题

根据下列文章,请回答 31～35 题。 U.S. Blacks Hard-hit by Cancer Death rates for cancer

根据下列文章,请回答 31～35 题。

U.S. Blacks Hard-hit by Cancer

Death rates for cancer are falling for .all Americans, but black Americans are still more likely to die of cancer than whites, the American Cancer Society said Monday.

In a special report on cancer and blacks, the organization said blacks are usually diagnosed with cancer later than whites, and they are more likely to die of the disease.

This could be because of unequal (不平等的) access to medical care, because blacks are more likely to have other diseases as well, and perhaps because of differences in the biology (生物学) of the cancer itself, the report added.

"In general, black Americans have less hope of surviving five years after diagnosis than whites for all cancer sites and all stages of diagnosis," the report said.

"In describing cancer statistics for black Americans, this report recognizes that many of the differences associated with race may be caused by unfair social and economic differences and unequal access to medical care."

The cancer society said blacks should be encouraged to get check-ups (体格检查) earlier, when cancer is more treatable, and it said more research is needed to see if biological differences play a role.

"The new statistics emphasize the continuing importance of wiping out these unfair social differences through public policy and education efforts," the organization said in a statement.

B．ut it also noted a drop in cancer death rates.

"Cancer death rates in both sexes for all sites combined have dropped greatly among black Americans since 1992, as have incidence rates (发生率)," said the report.

第 31 题 Black Americans are more likely to die of cancer than

A．people in other countries.

B．white Americans.

C．all other Americans.

D．their ancestors.

点击查看答案

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