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How does Organisms Ward off Invaders
The livelihood of each species in the vast and intricate assemblage of living things depends on the existence of other organisms．This interdependence is sometimes subtle，some times obvious．Perhaps the most straightforward dependence of one species on another occurs with parasites，organisms that live on or in other living things and derive nutrients directly from them．The parasitic way of life is widespread．A multitude of microorganisms(including viruses and bacteria，and an army of invertebrates or creatures lacking a spinal column(including crustaceans，insects，and many different types of worms)make their livings directly at the expense of other creatures．In the face of this onslaught，living things have evolved a variety of defense mechanisms for protecting their bodies from invasion by other organisms．
Certain fungi and even some kinds of bacteria create substances known as antibiotics into their external environment．These substances are capable of killing or inhibiting the growth of various kinds of bacteria that also occupy the area，thereby eliminating or reducing the competition for nutrients．The same principle is used in defense against invaders in other groups of organisms．For example，when attacked by disease--causing fungi or bacteria，many kinds of plants produce chemicals that help to ward off the invaders．
Members of the animal kingdom have developed a variety of defense mechanisms for dealing with parasites．Although these mechanisms vary considerably，all major groups of animals are capable of detecting and reacting to the presence of“foreign”cells．In fact，throughout the animal kingdom from sponges to certain types of wornls shellfish，and all vertebrates(creatures possessing spinal column)
there is evidence that transplants of cells or fragments of tissues into an animal are accepted only if they come from genetically compatible or closely related individuals．
The ability to distinguish between“self”and“non-self”，while present in all animals，is most efficient among vertebrates，which have developed an immune system as their defense mechanism．The immune system recognizes and takes action against foreign invaders and transplanted tissues that are treated as foreign cells．
What does the passage mainly discuss？ 查看材料
A.How parasites reproduce
B.How organisms react to invaders
C.How antibiotics work to cure disease
D.How the immune system of vertebrates developed
| 阅读理解。 |
| Humans are naturally drawn to other life forms and the worlds outside of our own. We take delight in the existence of creatures and even whole societies beyond our everyday lives. This sense of wonder is universal. Look at the efforts that scientists have made to find out whether life of some kind exists on Mars, and the popularity of fantasy (幻想) literature or movies like The Lord of the Rings. This sense of wonder draws us to each other, to the world around us, and to the world of make-believe. But have we gone so far in creating worlds of fantasy that we are missing the pleasure of other worlds that already exist all around us？ Human beings, as biologists have suggested, possess an inborn desire to connect with and understand other life forms. However, people, especially in big cities, often lead rather isolated lives. In a study of British schoolchildren, it was found that children by age eight were much more familiar with characters from television shows and video games than with common wildlife.Without modern technology, a small pond could be an amazing world filled with strange and beautiful plants, insects, birds, and animals.When we lack meaningful interaction (交互) with the world around us, and sometimes even with our families and friends, we seek to understand and communicate with things that exist only in our imaginations or on a computer screen. The world of make-believe is not necessarily bad. But when the world of fantasy becomes the only outlet (出路) for our sense of wonder, then we are really missing something. We are missing a connection with the living world. Other wonderful worlds exist all around us. But even more interesting is that if we look closely enough, we can see that these worlds, in a broad sense, are really part of our own. |
| 1. The popularity of The Lord of the Rings proves _____. |
[ ] |
| A. the close connection between man and the fantasy world B. the wonderful achievements of fantasy literature C. the fine taste of moviegoers around the world D. the general existence of the sense of curiosity |
| 2. What can we infer from the underlined sentence in Paragraph 3？ |
[ ] |
| A. People are far less familiar with the world of fantasy. B. The world around us could serve as a source of wonder. C. The world of fantasy can be mirrored by a small and lively pond. D. Modern technology prevents us from developing our sense of wonder. |
| 3. If our sense of wonder relies totally on the world of make-believe, we will _____. |
[ ] |
| A. fail to appreciate the joy in our lives B. be confused by the world of make-believe C. miss the chance to recognize the fantasy world D. be trapped by other worlds existing all around us |
| 4. What is the main purpose of the passage？ |
[ ] |
| A. To show us the hidden beauty in our world. B. To warn us not to get lost in the fantasy world. C. To argue against the misuse of the sense of wonder. D. To discuss the influence of the world of make-believe. |
We judge race usually __42__ the coloring of the skin: a white race, a brown race, a yellow race and a black race. But __43__ you were to remove the skin you could not __44__ anything about the race to which the individual belonged. There is __45__ in physical structure. The brain or the internal organs to __46__ a difference.
There are four types of blood. __47__ types are found in every race, and n o type is distinct to any race. Human brains are the __48__. No scientists could examine a brain and told you the race to which the individual belonged. Brains will __49__ in size, but this occurs within every race. __50__ does size have anything to do with intelligence. The largest brain __51__ examined belonged to a person of weak __52__. On the other hand, some of our most distinguished people have had __53__ brains.
Mental tests which are reasonably __54__ show no differences in intelligence between races. High and low test results both can be recorded by different members of any race. __55__ equal educational advantages, there will be no difference in average standings, either on account of race or geographical location.
Individuals of every race __56__ civilization to go backward or forward. Training and education can change the response of a group of people, __57__ enable them to behave in a __58__ way.
The behavior. and ideas of people change according to circumstances, but they can always go back or go on to something new __59__ is better and higher than anything __60__ the past.
41. a. complete b. full c. total d. whole
42. a. in b. from c. at d. on
43. a. since b. if c. as d. while
44. a. speak b. talk c. tell d. mention
45. a. something b. everything
c. nothing d. anything
46. a. display b. indicate c. demonstrate d. appear
47. a. All b. Most c. No d. Some
48. a. same b. identical c. similar d. alike
49. a. remain b. increase c. decrease d. vary
50. a. Only b. Or c. Nor d. So
51. a. ever b. then c. never d. once
52. a. health b. body c. mind d. thought
53. a. big b. small c. minor d. major
54. a. true b. exact c. certain d. accurate
55. a. Provided b. Concerning
c. Given d. Following
56. a. make b. cause c. move d. turn
57. a. and b. but c. though d. so
58. a. ordinary b. peculiar c. usual d. common
59. a. that b. what c. whichever d. whatever
60. a. for b. to c. within d. in
A、I'm afraid I can't go to your party.
B、Sure, I'd love to.
C、Maybe next time.
D、Yes. It's very kind of you.
1.Being an effective manager lies in knowing the right ()。
A.knowledge
B.skills
C.management style
2.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a focus of different management styles()。
A.People.
B.Customers
C.Project
3.Which of the following can’t be inferred from the passage()。
A.The management style. is likely to change because the manager has been replaced
B.The management style. is likely to change because the desired results have changed
C.The management style. is likely to change because the available resources have changed
4.When people in your team know where they fit in the big picture, they are more likely to be _____ to complete the task.
A.frustrated
B.reluctant
C.inspired
5.If you want to speed up a project and choose the best process for completing that project, youcan resort to ()。
A.teamwork
B.top-down management
C.tight deadline
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