题目内容
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A.Data Processing system
B.Big Data
C.Data warehouse
D.DBMS
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Passage V
An astronomy class is given the following facts about stellar evolution.
1. A star’s evolution can be divided into 3 stages: premain sequence (pre-MS), main sequence (MS), and post-main sequence (post-MS).
2. Gravity causes part of a cloud of gas and dust to collapse and heat up, creating a pre-MS star. The star’s hot dust and gas emit its energy.
3. A pre-MS star becomes an MS star when the star produces the majority of its energy by fusing hydrogen nuclei (protons) at its center to make helium nuclei.
4. An MS star becomes a post-MS star when the star expands in volume and produces the majority of its energy by fusing hydrogen to make helium in a shell surrounding its center.
5. The more massive a star, the more rapidly the star passes through each of the 3 stages of its evolution.Two students discuss the evolution of the Algol system—Algol A, a 3.6-solar-mass MS star; Algol B, a 0.8-solar-mass post-MS star; and Algol C, a 1.7-solar-mass MS star. (One solar mass = the Sun’s mass.) The 3 stars orbit a mutual center of mass, with Algol A and Algol B much closer to each other and to the center of mass than to Algol C.
Student 1
The 3 stars of the Algol system formed at the same time from the same cloud of gas and dust. Algol B, originally the most massive of the 3 stars, became a post-MS star and expanded in volume while Algol A remained an MS star. Because the matter in the outer parts of Algol B was more strongly attracted to Algol A than to the matter in the inner parts of Algol B, this matter flowed from Algol B to Algol A, and, over time, Algol A became more massive than Algol B.
Student 2
Algol B was not part of the original Algol system (Algol A and Algol C). Algol B and the original Algol system formed in different clouds of gas and dust at different times and moved in 2 different but intersecting orbits around the center of the galaxy. During a particular orbit,Algol B encountered the original Algol system at the intersection of the 2 orbits and became part of the Algol system.Algol B became a post-MS star while Algol A and Algol C remained MS stars. Algol B never lost mass to Algol A. Algol B was always less massive than Algol A.
Based on Student 2’s discussion, Algol B is part of the present Algol system because of which of the following forces exerted on Algol B by the original Algol system？
A.Electric force
B.Magnetic force
C.Gravitational force
D.Nuclear force
Task 2
Directions: This task is the same as Task 1. The 5 questions or unfinished statements are numbered 41 through 45.
Until recently the opportunities for criminal activities on the Internet have been low. However, the volume of business done on the Internet is growing rapidly such as ordering books and other products and making money transactions. All this is creating temptations for hackers.
Hackers are often young people who are interested in computers. They use them to move quietly to the Internet, looking for ways to break into computer's systems run by banks, telephone companies and even government departments. They look for examples of credit cards and try to steal the numbers.
Hackers rarely admit to a successful break-in. The first indication of a hacking may be when a customer discovers a wrong money transaction on a credit card account. It is harder to check on somebody misusing an online connection unless there is a massive download of information which would call the attention of the consumer.
The main idea of the first paragraph is that______.
A．the opportunities for criminal activities on the Internet have been low
B．the opportunities for criminal activities on the Internet are low
C．there are more opportunities for criminal activities on the Internet
D．people should not make money transactions on the Internet
Hackers are often young people who are interested in computers. They use them to move quietly to the Internet，looking for ways to break into computers systems run by banks，telephone companies and even Government departments. They look for examples of credit cards and try to steal the numbers.
Hackers rarely admit to a successful break-in. The first indication of a hacking may be when a customer discovers a wrong money transaction on a credit card account. It is harder to check on somebody misusing an online connection unless there is a massive down load of information which would call the attention of the consumer.
The main idea of the first paragraph is that ______.
A. the opportunities for criminal activities on the Internet have been low
B. the opportunities for criminal activities on the Internet are low
C. there are more opportunities for criminal activities on the Internet
D. people should not make money transactions on the Internet
The word "temptations" in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to ______.
A. interests
B. attractions
C. benefits
D. profits
In the passage， it's said that hackers may attack the Internet system of all the following institutions except _____.
A. banks
B. telephone companies
C. universities
D. government departments
Which of the following is not the reason for a hacking being found？
A. The customer found something wrong with his account.
B. There was a huge amount of information being downloaded.
C. There was a wrong money transaction.
D. The hacker proudly admitted his successful break-in.
In the last sentence of the paragraph， "somebody" refers to a______.
A. customer
B. card user
C. hacker
D. bank clerk
All of these alternatives are carbon-based fuels whose molecules are smaller and simpler than those of gasoline. These molecules burn more cleanly than gasoline, in part because they have fewer, if any, carbon-carbon bonds, and the hydrocarbons they do emit are less likely to generate ozone. The combustion of larger molecules, which have multiple carbon-carbon bonds, involves a more complex series of reactions. These reactions increase the probability of incomplete combustion and are more likely to release uncombusted and photochemically active hydrocarbon compounds into the atmosphere. On the other hand, alternative fuels do have drawbacks. Compressed natural gas would require that vehicles have a set of heavy fuel tanks — a serious liability in terms of performance and fuel efficiency — and liquefied petroleum gas faces fundamental limits on supply.
Ethanol and methanol, on the other hand, have important advantages over other carbon-based alternative fuels: they have a higher energy content per volume and would require minimal changes in the existing network for distributing motor fuel. Ethanol is commonly used as a gasoline supplement, but it is currently about twice as expensive as methanol, the low price of which is one of its attractive features. Methanol's most attractive feature, however, is that it can reduce by about 90 percent the vehicle emissions that form. ozone, the most serious urban air pollutant.
Like any alternative fuel, methanol has its critics. Yet much of the criticism is based on the use of "gasoline alone" vehicles that. do not incorporate even the simplest design improvements that are made possible with the use of methanol. It is true, for example, that a given volume of methanol provides only about one-half of the energy that gasoline and diesel fuel do: other things being equal, the fuel tank would have to be somewhat larger and heavier. However, since methanol-fueled vehicles could be designed to be much more efficient than "gasoline alone" vehicles fueled with methanol, they would need comparatively less fuel. Vehicles incorporating only the simplest of the engine improvements that makes methanol feasible would still contribute to an immediate lessening of urban air pollution.
The author is primarily concerned with ______.
A．countering a flawed argument that dismisses a possible solution to a problem
B．reconciling contradictory points of view about the nature of a problem
C．identifying the strengths of possible solutions to a problem
D．discussing a problem and arguing in favor of one solution to it
All of these alternatives are carbon-based fuels whose molecules are smaller and simpler than those of gasoline. These molecules burn mom cleanly than gasoline, in part because they have fewer, if any, carbon-carbon bonds, and the hydrocarbons they do emit are less likely to generate ozone. The combustion of larger molecules, which have multiple carbon-carbon bonds, involves a more complex series of reaction. These reactions increase the probability of incomplete combustion and are more likely to release un-combusted and photo-chemically active hydrocarbon compounds into the atmosphere. On the other hand, alternative fuels do have drawbacks. Compressed natural gas would require that vehicles have a set of heavy fuel tanks—a serious liability in terms of performance and fuel efficiency-and liquefied petroleum gas faces fundamental limits in supply.
Ethanol and methanol, on the other hand, have important advantages over other carbon based alternative fuels: they have a higher energy content per volume and would require minimal changes in the existing network for distributing motor fuel. Ethanol is commonly used as a gasoline supplement, but k is currently about twice as expensive as methanol, the low cost of which is one of its attractive features. Methanol's most attractive feature, however, is that it can reduce by about 90 percent the vehicle emissions that form. ozone, the most serious urban air pollutant.
Like any alternative fuel, methanal has its critics. Yet much of the criticism is based on the use of "gasoline done" vehicles that do not incorporate even the simplest design improvements that are made possible with the use of methanol. It is true, for example, that a given volume of methanol provides only about one-half of the energy that gasoline and diesel fuel do; other things being equal, the fuel tank would have to be somewhat larger and heavier. However, since methanol-fueled vehicles could be designed to be much more efficient than "gasoline clone" vehicles fueled with methanol, they would need comparatively less fuel Vehicles incorporating only the simplest of the engine improvements that methanol makes feasible would still contribute to an immediate lessening of urban air pollution.
The author of the passage is primarily concerned with______.
A．countering a flawed argument that dismisses a possible solution to problem
B．reconciling contradictory points of view about the nature of a problem
C．identifying the strengths of possible solutions to a problem
D．discussing a problem and arguing in favor of one solution to it
Blasts from the Past
1．Volcanoes were destructive in ancient history. Not because they were bigger, but because the carbon dioxide they released wiped out life with greater ease.
2．Paul Wignall from the University of Leeds was investigating the link between volcanic eruptions and mass extinctions. Not all volcanic eruptions killed off large number of animals, but all the mass extinction cover the past 300 million years coincided with huge formations of volcanic rock. To his surprise, the older the massive volcanic eruptions were, the more damage they seemed to do.
3．Wignall calculated the "killing efficiency" for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava that they produced. He found that size for size, older eruptions were at least 10 times as effective at wiping out life as their more recent rivals.
4．The Permian extinction, for example, which happened 250 million years ago, is marked by floods of volcanic rock in Siberia that cover an area roughly the size of western Europe. Those volcanoes are thought to have pumped out about 10 gigatonnes of carbon as carbon dioxide. The global warming that followed wiped out 80 per cent of all marine genera at the time, and it took 5 million years for the planet to recover.
5．Yet 60 million years ago in the late Palaeocene there was another huge amount of volcanic activity and global warming but no mass extinction. Some animals did disappear but things returned to normal within ten thousands of years. "The most recent ones hardly have an effect at all," Wignall says. He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous, 265 million years ago, because many scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact of an asteroid.
6．Wignall thinks that older volcanoes had more killing power because more recent life forms were better adapted to dealing with increased levels of CO2. Ocean chemistry may also have played a role. As the supercontinents broke up and exposed more coastline there may have been more weathering of silica rocks. This would have encouraged the growth of phytoplankton in the oceans, increasing the amount of CO2absorbed from the atmosphere.
7．Vincent Courtillot, director of the Paris Geophysical Institute in France, says that Wignall's idea is provocative. But he says it is incredibly hard to do these sorts of calculations. He points out that the killing power of volcanic eruptions depends on how long they lasted. And it is impossible to tell whether the huge blasts lasted for thousands or millions of years.
8．Courtillot also adds that it is difficult to estimate how much lava prehistoric volcanoes produced, and that lava volume may not necessarily correspond to carbon dioxide or sulphur dioxide emissions.
A．Killing Power of Ancient Volcanic Eruptions
B．Association of Mass Extinctions with Volcanic
C．Calculation of the Killing Power of Older Eruptions
D．A Mass Extinction
E．Volcanic Eruptions That Caused No Mass Extinction
F．Accounting for the Killing Power of Older Eruptions
Paragraph 2______
Jostein Gaarder's Hello？ Is Anybody There？ is the deceptively simple story of Joe, an 8-year- old boy, and Mika, an extraterrestrial visitor from the planet Eljo. They meet on the night that Joe's mother goes to the hospital in labor with his baby brother, As Joe waits at home for the impending birth, he gives Mika a tour of the world as he knows it — a dress rehearsal, of sorts, for his role as big brother. Gaarder injects philosophical notions naturally into the conversation as Joe and Mika consider everything from animal life to the origin of the universe. This book is a sweet introduction to some serious concepts. It is perfect for reading aloud because it opens wonderful opportunities for discussion between parent and child.
Holes by Louis Sachar, the 1998 National Book Award winner for young people's Literature, is a very tall tale about Stanley Yelnats, a middle-school loser who is wrongly accused of theft. Sent to Camp Green Lake in the middle of some mythical Texas badlands where it has not rained in 100 years, Stanley's rehabilitation consists of digging an endless series of holes under the scorching sun. Young readers will cheer as Stanley and his buddy Zero escape from their Sisyphean labor, solve the mystery will cheer as Stanley and his Zero escape from their Sisyphean labor, solve the mystery of why Green Lake is neither green nor a lake, free Stanley from an ancient Gypsy curse and eat a whole lot of onions. It is all highly unlikely, but that doesn't matter. What matters at the end of this fantastical moral fable is that virtue triumphs and evil is vanquished.
Virtue also triumphs is Count Karlstein by Philip Pullman, a Gothic melodrama that is delightfully over the top, Evil Count Karlstein is plotting to do away with the two nieces who have been sent to live with him in his Swiss castle. But the brave lasses, abetted by their loyal maid, a resourceful governess and the bumbling local police, foil the count's plans and consign him to the doom he deserves. First published in England in 1982, this book has neither the depth nor the subtlety of The Golden Compass and The Subtle Knife, the first two volumes in Pullman's His Dark Materials trilogy, which have garnered massive critical and popular acclaim. But it will do nicely until the third volume in the trilogy appears.
Which of the following is TRUE of Gaarder's story？
A．It is a simple story about an 8-year-old 'boy.
B．Joe's mother has to work in a hospital at night.
C．Gaarder expresses his philosophy in the seemingly simple story.
D．It is poetic and should be read aloud for desired appreciation.
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