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A.six
B.seven
C.eight
D.nine
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1.According to the passage, anthropology mainly deals with ______.
A、family life, religion and art
B、differences between human races
C、the study of ancient people
D、the study of different cultures
2.What have anthropologists recently found_____.
A、There are cultural anthropology and physical anthropology
B、there are three steps in the progress of human beings
C、There were more civilizations in Egypt than in parts of Asia
D、There is a longer history of human beings than it was thought before
3.Which of the following belongs to the second step of human progress_____.
A、Many religions and inventions were made
B、People hunted animals just to survive
C、the early civilizations came into being
D、people started to learn science and art
4.Which could be the best title for the passage_____.
A、What is anthropology
B、The progress of human beings
C、The first civilizations
D、The Work of Anthropologists Dear Sirs
5.Which of the following statement is TRUE_____.
A、Furniture and movies belong to physical anthropology
B、Anthropologists are still trying to get new findings about people
C、the study of human beings began in Greek times
D、The first civilizations appeared only in Egypt and parts of Asia
Task 1
Directions: After reading the following passage, you will find 5 questions or unfinished statements, numbered 36 through 40. For each question or statement there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should make the correct choice.
Anthropology(人类学) is the study of how people live. It includes their family life, religion, art, laws and language. The term anthropology comes from two Greek words: "anthropos" means "human being" and "logy" means "the science of".
Anthropology can be divided into two areas. These two main divisions are cultural anthropology and physical anthropology. Culture includes many things, Such as art, religion, laws, and even furniture and movies.
Anthropologists define human progress in three main steps. Step one begins with the first human being and continues until the last of the people who hunted animals just to survive. Step two includes people who grew food. In this step, there was progress in invention and religion. The third step deals with the first civilizations(文明), such as those in Egypt and parts of Asia.
Anthropologists always seek new information about people. For instance, recent evidence found in Ethiopia and Kenya shows humans earlier in history than it was previously believed.
According to the passage, anthropology mainly deals with ______.
A．family life, religion and art
B．differences between human races
C．the study of ancient people
D．the study of different cultures
A、The presence of theater in almost all societies is thought to have occurred because early story tellers traveled to different groups to tell their stores.
B、Many theorists believe that theater arises when societies act out myths to preserve social well-being.
C、The more sophisticated societies became, the better they could influence desirable occurrences through ritualized theater.
D、Theater may have come from pleasure humans receive from storytelling and moving rhythmically.
Our skins let us know whether the air is moist or dry, whether surfaces are wet without being sticky or slippery. From the uniformity of slight pressure, we can be aware how deeply a finger is thrust into water at body temperature, even if the Anger is enclosed in a rubber glove that keeps the skin completely dry. Many other animals, with highly sensitive skins, appear to be able to learn still more about their environment. Often they do so without employing any of the five senses.
By observing the capabilities of other members of the animal kingdom, we come to realize that a human being has far more possibilities than are utilized. We neglect ever so many of our senses in concentrating on the five major ones. At the same time, a comparison between animals and man draws attention to the limitation of each sense. The part of the spectrum (光谱) seen by colour-conscious man as red is non-existent for honey-bees. But a bee can see far more in flowers than we, because the ultra-violet (紫外线) to which our eyes are blind is a stimulating (刺激的) part of the insect's spectrum, and, for honey-bees at least, constitutes a separate colour.
From the passage we realize that ______.
A．man possesses far more senses than the five major ones
B．man possesses a few more senses than animals
C．man possesses as many senses as animals
D．man has fully utilized his senses
For example, she has been learning how to exchange massages with people. The scientists are teaching her sign language. When she wants to be picked up. Washoe points up with one finger. She rubs her teeth with her finger when she wants to brush her teeth. This is done after every meal.
Washoe has also been trained to think out and find answers to problems. Once she was put in a room with food hanging from the ceiling. It was too high to reach. After she considered the problem, she got a tall box to stand on. The food was still too high to be reached. Washoe found a long pole. Then she climbed onto the box, grasped the pole, and knocked down the food with the pole.
Washoe lives like a human, too. The scientists keep her in a fully furnished house. After a hard lesson in the laboratory, she goes home. There she plays with her toys. She even enjoys watching television before going to bed.
Washoe is a(n) ______ chimpanzee.
A．young male
B．old male
C．young female
D．old female
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:
There are two methods of fighting, the one by law, the other by force; the first method is that of men, the second of beasts; but as the first method is often insufficient, one must have recourse to the second. It is, therefore, necessary for a prince to know well how to use both the beast and the man. This was covertly taught to rulers by ancient writers, who related how Achilles and many others of those ancient princes were given to Chiron the centaur to be brought up and educated under his discipline. The parable of this semi animal, semi human teacher is meant to indicate that a prince must know how to use both natures, and that the one without the other is not durable. A prince, being thus obliged to know well how to act as a beast, must imitate the fox, and the lion, for the lion cannot protect himself from traps, and the fox annot defend himself from wolves. Those that wish to be only lions do not understand this. Therefore, a prudent ruler ought not to keep faith when by doing so it would be against his interest, and when the reasons which made him bind himself no longer exist. If men were all good, this precept would not be good ; but as they are bad, and would not observe their faith with you, so you are not bound to keep faith with them. Nor have legitimate grounds ever failed a prince who wished to show colorable excuse for the nonfulfilment of his promise. Of this one could furnish an infinite number of examples, and show how many times peace has been broken, and how many promises rendered worthless, by the faithlessness of princes, and those that have best been able to imitate the fox have succeeded best. But it is necessary to be able to disguise this character well, and to be a great feigner and dissembler, and men are so simple and so ready to obey present necessities, that the one who deceives will always find those who allow themselves to be deceived. The author of the passage does not believe that ____
A.A.people can protect themselves
B.B.the truth makes men free
C.C.leaders have to be consistent
D.D.princes are human
There is a great variety of observational studies. A researcher stands near the entrance【C8】______ a theatre and observes the approximate age and sex of patrons【C9】______ the theatre during certain times of the day and days of the【C10】______. Researchers comb through the garbage【C11】______ of Arizona residents to【C12】______ what is being thrown【C13】______ and, by inference from packages,【C14】______ is being bought. Toy manufacturers watch【C15】______ behind one-way mirrors to see how children【C16】______ to and play【C17】______ prototypes(样品) of toys they are thinking of introducing. Observers in public places -- airports,【C18】______ offices -- watch to see【C19】______ subjects read newspapers and magazines. Researchers call【C20】______ households and take a "pantry audit" to learn the quantity and brands of certain items on the kitchen or bathroom shelves.
【C1】
A．notice
B．see
C．discover
D．watch
Our skins let us know whether the air is moist or dry, whether surfaces are wet without being sticky or slippery. From the uniformity (均匀) of slight pressure, we can be aware how deeply a finger is thrust (刺) into water at body temperature, even if the finger is enclosed in a rubber glove that keeps the skin completely dry. Many other animals, with highly sensitive skins appear to be able to learn still more about their environment. Often they do so without employing any of the five senses.
By observing the capabilities of other members of the animal kingdom we come to realise that a human being has far more possibilities than are utilized. We neglect ever so many of our senses in concentrating on the five major ones. At the same time a comparison between animals and man draws attention to the limitations of each sense. The part of the spectrum (光谱) seen by colour conscious man as red is non-existent for honey-bees. But a bee can see far more in flowers than us, because the ultra-violet (紫外线) to which our eyes are blind is a stimulating (刺激的) part of the insect's spectrum and for honey-bees at least constitutes (构成，组成) a separate colour.
From the passage we realise that ______.
A．man possesses far more senses than the five major ones
B．man possesses a few more senses than animals
C．man possesses as many senses as animals
D．man has fully utilized his senses
To avoid the pain of a drilling that may last perhaps a minute or two, we demand the "needle"— a shot of novocaine (奴佛卡因) -that deadens the nerves around the tooth.
Now it' s true that the human body has developed its millions of nerves to be highly aware of what goes on both inside and outside of it. This helps us adjust to the world. Without our nerves—and our brain, which is a bundle of nerves— we wouldn't know what's happening. But we pay for our sensitivity. We can feel pain when the slightest thing is wrong with any part of our body. The history of torture is based on the human body being open to pain.
But there is a way to handle pain. Look at the Indian fakir(行僧) who sits on a bed of nails. Fakirs can put a needle right through an arm, and feel no pain; This ability that some humans have developed to handle pain should give us ideas about how the mind can deal with pain.
The big thing in withstanding pain is our attitude toward it. If the dentist says, "This will hurt a little, it helps us to accept the pain. By staying relaxed,' and by treating the pain as an interesting sensation, we' can handle the pain without falling apart. After all; although pain is an unpleasant sensation, it is still a sensation, and sensations are the stuff of life.
26. The passage is mainly about______.
A) how to stiffer pain
B) how to avoid pain
C) how to handle pain
D) how to stop pain
I believe in people, in sheer, unadulterated humanity. I believe in listening to what people have to say, in helping them to achieve the things which they want and the things which they need. Naturally, there are people who behave like beasts, who kill, who cheat, who lie and who destroy. But without a belief in man and a faith in his possibilities for the future, there can be no hope for the future, but only bitterness that the past has gone. I believe we must, each of us, make a philosophy by which we can live. There are people who make a philosophy out of believing in nothing. They say there is no truth, that goodness is simply cleverness in disguising your own selfishness. They say that life is simply the short gap in between an unpleasant birth and an inevitable death. There are others who say that man is born into evil and sinfulness and that life is a process of purification through suffering and that death is the reward for having suffered.
I believe these philosophies are false. The most important thing in life is the way it is lived, and there is no such thing as an abstract happiness, an abstract goodness or morality, or an abstract anything, except in terms of the person who believes and who acts. There is only the single human being who lives and who, through every moment of his own personal living experience, is being happy or unhappy, noble or base, wise or unwise, or simply existing.
The question is: How can these individual moments of human experience be filled with the richness of a philosophy which can sustain the individual in his own life？ Unless we give part of ourselves away, unless we can live with other people and understand them and help them, we are missing the most essential part of our own human lives.
There are as many roads to the attainment of wisdom and goodness as there are people who undertake to walk them. There are as many solid truths on which we can stand as there are people who can search them out and who will stand on them. There are as many ideas and ideals as there are men of good will who will hold them in their minds and act them in their lives.
A. listening to people's opinions
B. revolutionary changes
C. being happy or unhappy
D. the way it is lived
E. we give part of ourselves away
F. many roads to the attainment of wisdom
G. as a short gap between birth and death
We are living in a periods of
Through logical analogy—I am a conscious human being, and therefore you as a human being are also likely to be conscious—I conclude I am probably not the only conscious being in a world of biological pup pets. Extend it to other creatures, and uncertainty grows. Is a dog conscious？ An elm？ A rock？
"We don't have the mythical consciousness meter," said Dr. Chalmers, a professor of philosophy and director of the Center for Consciousness Studies at the University of Arizona. "All we have directly to go on is behavior." So without even an elementary understanding of what consciousness is, the idea of instilling it into a machine—or understanding how a machine might evolve consciousness—becomes almost unfathomable①.
The field of artificial intelligence started out with dreams of making thinking or conscious machines, but to debate, its achievements have been modest. The field has evolved to focus more on solving practical problems like complex scheduling tasks than on imitating human behavior.
But many believe that the original goals of artificial intelligence will be attainable within a few decades.
Some people, like Dr. Hans Moravec, a professor of robotics at Carnegie Mellon University in Pitts burgh, believe a human being is nothing more than a fancy machine, and that it will be possible to build a machine with the same features, that there is nothing magical about the brain and biological flesh. "I'm confident we can build robot with behavior. that is just as rich as human being behavior," he said. "You could quiz it as much as you like about its internal mental life, and it would answer as any human being." To Dr. Moravec, if it acts consciously, it is conscious. To ask more is pointless.
Dr. Chalmers, regards consciousness as an unutterable trait, and it may be useless to try to pin it down. "We've got to admit something here is irreducible," he said. "Some primitive precursor conscious ness could go all the way down" to the smallest, most primitive organisms, he said. Dr. Chalmers too sees nothing fundamentally different between a creature of flesh and blood and one of metal, plastics and electronic circuits. "I'm quite open to the idea that machines might eventually become conscious," he said, adding that it would be "equally weird". And if a person gets into involved conversations with a robot about everything from Kant to baseball, "We'll be as practically certain they are conscious as other people," he said. "Of course, that doesn't resolve the theoretical question".
But others say machines, regardless of how complex, will never match people.
The arguments can become mysterious. In his book Shadows of the Mind, Dr. Roger Penrose, a mathematician at Oxford University, enlisted the incompleteness theorem in mathematics. He uses the theorem, which states that any system of theorems will invariably include statements that cannot be proven, to argue that any machine that uses computation—and hence all robots—will invariably fall short of the accomplishments of human mathematicians. Instead, he argues that consciousness is an effect of quantum mechanics in tiny structures in the brain that exceeds the abilities of any computer②.
According to the passage, ______ may be the most reliable touchstone for consciousness.
A．behavior
B．logical deduction
C．laboratory experiment
D．mental testing
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