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Directions: You will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from A), B), C) and D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage. Stronger Domestic Controls Domestic Regulation: Most industrial countries license firearm owners and regulate firearms. Many countries have recently strengthened their domestic controls: United Kingdom: The United Kingdom has long had strict controls on firearms. Increased gun controls in the UK swiftly came into being following the March 1996 killings of 16 primary school children and their teacher, as well as 15 injured victims, by a local gun club member in Dunblane, Scotland. In response to the outcry following this massacre, a public inquiry was called which examined many aspects of firearms regulation in an international context. Subsequently, a new law was passed which banned 95% of handguns and required that the remainder (.22 calibre pistols) be stored at gun clubs. When the Labour party took power it introduced a total ban on handguns. Other regulatory changes are under consideration. The Report of the Inquiry, headed by Lord Cullen, into the Dunblane massacre declared that "The right to bear arms is not a live issue in the United Kingdom." New Zealand: New Zealand saw amendments to its gun laws in 1992 following the shooting of 13 people at Aramoana by a young man who was licensed under the regulations which existed at the time. New Zealand discontinued its paper-based registration systems in 1983, however, a comprehensive review of legislation recommended reintroducing it and tightening other aspects of the law. Like the Dunblane Inquiry in the UK, the Review of Firearms Control in New Zealand considered a broad range of evidence and examined international experiences with gun control. Its principal conclusions were that "The Arms Act of 1983 and its subsequent amendments do not provide an effective code for the control of firearms in New Zealand... there is a need for radical reform of the firearms laws." The New Zealand High Court has declared that "It should be emphasized that there is no general right to bear arms in this country such as is safeguarded — if that is the appropriate term for it — under the United States Constitution." In addition, in New Zealand’s Review of Firearms Control, Sir Thomas Thorp stated that: "The arguments are overwhelmingly against the recognition of a general 'right to bear arms’ in this country. Indeed it would be timely to include in any new legislation a declaration that self-defense is not a legitimate purpose for the acquisition of firearms in this country." Australia: Gun legislation in Australia is state-controlled. Prior to 1996 all states licensed owners but only 5 of 8 Australian states registered firearms. The National Committee on Violence recommended a series of measures related to firearms regulation in its 1990 report including registration of all firearms and the former Federal Justice Minister advocated a national system of gun registration as part of the crime prevention strategy announced in May of 1995. While the Australian firearms regulation advocates had been working since 1988 to strengthen Australia's laws, the movement was propelled forward by the April 1996 massacre of 35 people in Port Arthur, Tasmania. Public outcry was intense and the response was swift. Australian Prime Minister John Howard obtained an agreement from all 8 Australian states and territories to pass consistent legislation including registration of all firearms and a prohibition on semi-automatic rifles and shotguns, except for those farmers who can prove a genuine need. This was accomplished through a special tax levy to raise $500 million dollars to buy back the weapons from their owners. By August 1997, over 500,000 weapons had been surrendered and $259.8 Million (AUS) had been paid out. In Australia, all governments have agreed that firearm possession is not a right but a conditional privilege. Genuine reason must be shown for owning a firearm and self-protection is not a recognised reason. South Africa: While no single event precipitated the recent move to strengthen firearms controls in South Africa, it was a major initiative of the last government and part of the recent election platform of the ANC. The government has announced its intention to strengthen domestic firearm regulation and has produced several policy papers. The proposals include stronger screening processes, restrictions on lending and stiffer penalties for misuse. In South Africa, the gun lobby sought to include a "right to bear arms" in the new Constitution when it was being drafted in 1995, but this initiative was rejected. Again, by implication, the fact that South Africans must show just cause in order to acquire a firearm shows that ownership is not characterized as a right in that country. Japan: Japan has a level of community safety which is unmatched by most of the world and reinforced by strong cultural norms. Japan had fewer gun deaths in all of 1995 than occur in an average day in the United States. In 1995, Japan had a total of 168 firearms shootings, in which 34 people were killed and 33 were injured. However, the Japanese are concerned about what they perceive as an escalation in violence. Gun related crimes have threatened to undermine the fabric of Japan’s peaceful society. A peaceful and safe society is a common desire of the people. In order to stop the spread of firearms and prevent the tragedy of gun-related crimes, it is imperative that each person understand the danger and the anti-social nature of firearms and resolves to eliminate gun-related crimes. Awareness of the issue of firearms regulation in Japan was influenced by the murder of Japanese citizens travelling in the United States. Exchange student Yoshira Hattori was shot and killed on October 31st, 1992 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana when he made the fatal error of knocking on the wrong door. Kei Sunade was killed in 1994 in New York City. Yoshi’s father, Masaichi Hattori presented a petition requesting a ban on guns signed by 1.72 million people, the largest in history, to President Clinton. Mr. Hattori works with Kei’s father, Koichi Sunade of the Association to End Gun Violence and has donated the proceeds of the civil case against his son’s killer to support community firearms regulation initiatives. Police are concerned about the increasing proportion of firearms incidents involving individuals not associated with organized crime. In 1991, 93% of guns seized in Japan were from organized crime (Borykudan) but this had decreased to 74% in 1995. They are also concerned about the problem of gun smuggling. The United States was the leading (32.9%) source of smuggled guns followed by China (20.9%). Also of significance was the assassination attempt on the life of the Commissioner General of the Japanese Police Agency in March 1995. Mr. Takaji Kunimatsu was shot four times with hollow point ammunition. He has since recovered and resumed his duties. Despite the relatively low level of gun violence in Japan, the Japanese government has taken a leadership role in the United Nations' efforts to stem gun violence internationally. Switzerland: Opponents of gun control often use Switzerland as evidence that access to guns is not linked to crime or violence. They argue that since virtually all adult males are members of the army and have military weapons, there is nearly universal access to deadly weapons yet few gun-related problems in Switzerland. However, Swiss criminologist Martin Killias, of the Universit茅 de Lausanne, argues that the rate of households with firearms is actually comparable to that of Canada (27.2%). There is strict screening of army officers and ammunition is stored in sealed boxes and inspected regularly. Despite these controls, Switzerland has rates of gun suicide second only to the US among the countries Killias surveyed and a gun murder rate comparable to Canada's. Although firearms regulations in Switzerland is fragmented and controlled at the regional level, wide ranging reforms are being undertaken to establish national standards. The main idea of the passage is _________________. A. Most countries in the world have strengthened their domestic firearms regulations B. The United Kingdom and Japan are taking the leading role in regulating firearms controls C. Most developed countries are regulating their firearms regulations to strengthen gun control D. There is a need for radical reform of firearms laws in New Zealand
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