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The economy of Saudi Arabia is dominated by oil and its associated industries()
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Meanwhile, with the price of oil ______, Saudi Arabia's economy is getting much better.
A．goes up
B．going up
C．went up
D．gone up
Which of the following is NOT the bilateral issues between the US and Saudi Arabia？
A．Energy stability and security.
B．Counterterrorism and military planning.
C．Trade and investment.
D．Human rights and economy development.
A.the most important factor influencing birth rate is the economy
B.factors other than the economy influence birth rate
C.women who have a high income usually have few children
D.the birth rate depends on per capita income
Thus far, the high oil price has been largely a consequence of good things, such as a strengthening world economy, rather than a cause of bad things, such as faster inflation or slower growth. China's burgeoning economy guzzled about 6m bpd in the first quarter of this year, 15% more than a year ago, according to Goldman Sachs. Demand was also strong in the rest of Asia, excluding Japan, growing by 5.2% to 8.1m bpd. As the year progresses, the seasonal rhythms of America's drivers will dictate prices, at least of the lighter, sweeter crudes. Americans take to the roads en masse in the summer, and speculators are driving up the oil price now in anticipation of peak demand in a few months' time.
Until recently, the rise in the dollar price of oil was offset outside America and China by the fall in the dollar itself. But the currency has regained some ground in recent weeks, and the oil price has continued to rise. Even so, talk of another oil price shock is premature. The price of oil, adjusted for inflation, is only half what it was in December 1979, and the United States now uses half as much energy per dollar of output as it did in the early 1970s. But if oil cannot shock the world economy quite as it used to, it can still give it "a good kick", warns Goldman Sachs. If average oil prices for the year come in 10% higher than it forecast, it reckons GDP growth in the Group of Seven (G7) rich nations will be reduced by 0.3%, or $70 billion.
The Americans are certainly taking the issue seriously. John Snow, their treasury secretary, called OPEC's February decision "regrettable", and the rise in prices since then "not helpful". Washington pays close heed to the man at the petrol pump, who has seen the average price of a gallon of unleaded petrol rise by 39 cents in the past year. And the Saudis, some mutter, pay close heed to Washington.
Besides, the high oil price may have filled Saudi coffers, but it has also affronted Saudi pride. Mr. al-Naimi thinks the high price is due to fears that supply might be disrupted in the future. These fears, he says, are "unwarranted". But the hulking machinery in the Arabian desert that keeps oil flowing round the world presents an inviting target to terrorists should they tire of bombing embassies and nightclubs. On May 1st, gunmen killed six people in a Saudi office of ABB Lummus Global, an American oil contractor. Such incidents add to the risk premium factored into the oil price, a premium that the Saudis take as a vote of no confidence in their kingdom and its ability to guarantee the supply of oil in the face of terrorist threats.
What does the author mean by "...has become its flip-flopper" (Para. 1)？
A．Saudi Arabia reversed its earlier decision.
B．Saudi Arabia objected to the rise of oil price.
C．Saudi Arabia was concerned about the world economy.
D．Saudi Arabia wished to reduce the oil production.
Why So Many Children
In many of the developing countries in Africa and Asia， the population is growing fast. The reason for this is simple : Women in these countries have a high birth rate——from 3.0 to 7.0 children per woman. The majority of these women are poor， without the food or resources to care for their families. Why do they have so many children？ Why don"t they limit the size of their fami-lies？ The answer may be that they often have no choice. There are several reasons for this.
One reason is economic. In a traditional agricultural economy， large families are helpful. Having more children means having more workers in the fields and someone to take care of the parents in old age. In an industrial economy， the situation is different. Many children do not help a family; instead， they are an expense. Thus， industrialization has generally brought down the birth rate. This was the case in Italy， which was industrialized quite recently and rapidly. In the early part of the twentieth century， Italy was a poor， largely agricultural country with a high birth rate. After World War Ⅱ， Italy"s economy was rapidly modernized and industrialized. By the end of the century. the birth rate had dropped to 1.3 children per woman， the world"s lowest.
However， the economy is not the only important factor that influences birth rate. Saudi Ara-bia， for example， does not have an agriculture-based economy， and it has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world. Nevertheless， it also has a very high birth rate （7.0）. Mexico and Indonesia， on the other hand， are poor countries， with largely agricultural economies， but they have recently reduced their population growth.
Clearly， other factors are involved. The most important of these is the condition of women. A high birth rate almost always goes together with lack of education and low status for women. This would explain the high birth rate of Saudi Arabia. There， the traditional culture gives women little education or independence and few possibilities outside the home. On the other hand， the improyed condition of women in Mexico， Thailand， and Indonesia explains the decline in birth rates in these countries. Their governments have taken measures to provide more education and oppor-tunities for women.
Another key factor in the birth rate is birth control. Women may want to limit their families but have no way to do so. In countries where governments have made birth control easily available and inexpensive， birth rates have gone down. This is the case in Singapore， Sri Lanka， and India， as well as in Indonesia， Thailand， Mexico， and Brazil. In these countries， women have also been provided with health care and help in planning their families.
These trends show that an effective program to reduce population growth does not have to depend on better economic conditions. It can be effective if it aims to help women and meet their needs. Only then， in fact， does it have any real chance of success.
In a traditional agricultural economy， a large family __________. 查看材料
A.can be an advantage
B.may limit income
C.isn"t necessary
D.is expensive
To quote Pogo, the key character in that old comic strip, "We have met the enemy and he is us."
Over the past 24 years, United States foreign policy has discouraged several oil-exporting nations from adding to their capacity to produce more oil, says A.F. Alhajji, an economist at Ohio Northern University in Ada. The result has been a decline in the excess capacity of OPEC as a group. This means there is less ability for oil producers to counter upward price pressures from the growing demand for petroleum from China and India, or from short-term problems, such as the bombing of pipelines in Iraq, hurricane damage to wells in the Gulf of Mexico, and political turmoil in Nigeria or other oil-exporting nations.
For various foreign-policy reasons, the US has imposed sanctions on Iran, Iraq, Sudan, Libya, and Burma (Myanmar). This step has prompted American and sometimes foreign oil companies to pull out of or stay away from these nations. Without foreign investment, the countries could not boost oil output Capacity as much-a situation that still has a lingering effect on production.
Although proclaiming its neutrality in the 1980-88 war between Iran and Iraq, the US at times helped both sides militarily. Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and some other Arab Middle East nations assisted Iraq financially during the war. As a result, they had less money to develop their oil fields. Saudi Arabia and Kuwait produce less oil today than they did in the 1970s. Iran's oil development stalled. The war "drained the financial resources of the whole area", Mr. Alhajji says.
Iran, which prior to its 1979 revolution produced 6 million barrels a day, pumps oil today at a rate of only 3.9 million b.p.d.
The latest damage to world capacity, perhaps temporary, resulted from the US invasion of Iraq. Iraq pumped 3.8 million b.p.d in 1979 before its war with Iran and 3 million b.p.d before the US moved into Baghdad last year. Nowadays, it produces between 2 million and 2.5 million b.p.d.
Alhajji, a Syrian-American, maintains this decline in excess world oil production capacity has resulted in a rise in prices from around $10 a barrel in 1999 to $35 in 2000 to between $49 and $55 today.
The higher prices could last. History indicates it takes at least three years for a nation's oil output to recover fully from a war or other severe disturbances, Alhajji says. He points to the wars in Iraq, Iran, and Kuwait over the past two decades, as well as the difficulty Russia faced in its transition to a market-based economy after the breakup of the Soviet Union. Because of the present situation in Iraq, Alhajji doubts that country can reach 5 million b.p.d by 2010, as some interim Iraqi leaders have claimed. The failure to boost Iraq oil production quickly means the US will face additional costs of reconstruction in Iraq.
One of the Bush administration's best postwar decisions, Alhajji says, was to invest $2.3 billion to rehabilitate the Iraqi oil sector and employ an overwhelming force of soldiers and private contractors to protect the oil facilities. That protection combined with higher oil prices has given Iraq a large windfall in revenues.
Another positive note for Iraq: Last week the world's leading industrial nations agreed to cancel 80 percent of the nearly $39 billion debt owed them by Iraq. But Iraq still owes Saudi Arabia and other Arab nations even more from the Iran-Iraq War-money that could have been used to raise their ability to produce more oil.
Today's higher oil prices, meanwhile, will seriously damage the world's economy, some economists predict. Higher prices in 2005 will cost the US 0.7 percent of gross domestic product, the Euro zone 1.1 percent, and Japan 0.9 percent, according to Philip Verleger Jr., an economist with the Institu
A．Today's higher oil prices could bring the US economy into deep recessions.
B．Today's higher oil prices will seriously damage the world's economy.
C．The higher oil prices could be soon over.
D．The US maintained its neutrality in the 1980-88 war between Iran and Iraq.
Section B
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.
Energy analysts spent the first half of the year debating how expensive oil could get. Now they are asking the opposite question. On December 2nd the price of a barrel slipped below ＄ 47, the lowest level since May 2005 and legs than a third of the peak reached in July.
The main reason for the slump is the darkening outlook for the world economy. America's appetite for oil, for example, had been more or less stagnant(停滞的) for the past few years, but has recently dropped dramatically. Many now expect global oil demand to fall next year, and perhaps even this year -- which would be the first decline since 1993.
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) does not seem able to cut its production fast enough to keep pace with all this grim news. In October the cartel agreed to pump 1.5 million fewer barrels each (lay from November 1st, reducing global supply by about 2%. But that cut is only just beginning to take effect, since it can lake more than a month for tankers to reach their destinations. Moreover, OPEC's members do not yet seem to be complying fully with their diminished quotas.
The king of Saudi Arabia recently "said that ＄75 a barrel would be a fair price --- an idea that other members of the cartel have echoed with enthusiasm. Oil's plunge has left many of them in dire fiscal straits. This suggests that when the group meets again on December 17th, it will resolve to cut its production further. But Saudi Arabia will not want to bear all the cost, so it will insist that other big producers, such as Iran and Venezuela, should not only agree to further cuts of their own but also implement them.
Michael Lewis of Deutsche Bank argues that OPEC's past efforts to prop up prices have succeeded more often than not. Since 1993, cuts in production have led to higher prices on three-quarters of occasions. The exceptions, however, have occurred when the world economy has slowed unexpectedly -- most notably in 1998, after the Asian crisis, and in 2001, after the dotcom bubble burst. On those occasions, the price kept falling for more than six months after OPEC first began reducing its output. In 2001, for example, the cartel had to resort to a series of cuts, totaling 5 million barrels, before the price finally began to recover.
If events take a similar turn this time, Mr. Lewis reckons, OPEC will have to keep cutting its output for another year. The price may not hit rock bottom until early 2010. But the world economy looks less healthy now than it did in 2001, so OPEC may face even more of a struggle this time, he thinks.
What does the author tell us about the general condition of oil price this year？
A．The oil price underwent decline in the first haft year and rise in the second haft.
B．The oil price in July is higher than ＄141 per barrel.
C．The stagnant situation of America's appetite caused oil price decline.
D．Oil price decline may. account for the world economy's darkening outlook.
SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST
Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. At the end of each news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions.
听力原文： Caracas (dpa) - The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries is not ruling out further increases in production to stabilize world oil prices, OPEC President Ali Rodriguez said Tuesday, the same day OPEC' s fourth production hike this year went into effect.
We will put as many barrels on the market as necessary, Rodriguez said in Caracas, where he also serves as Venezuela' s energy minister.
He added that OPEC foresees a fifth production increase of 500,000 barrels per day as sufficient to lower prices, despite the approaching winter in the Northern Hemisphere.
OPEC increased its production, beginning Tuesday, by 2 per cent, or 500,000 barrels per day. Its goal is to lower oil prices by 2 to 8 dollars per barrel. They currently stand at about 30 dollars per 159-1itrebarrel.
OPEC, which produces nearly 40 per cent of the world' s oil, has the ability to effect oil prices by increasing or reducing its production. Analysts said, however, that the latest and any other production increases will have little impact because ail of OPEC' s 11 members, except for Saudi Arabia, are already pumping ail the oil they can.
On Tuesday, Rodriguez said the United States move to release up to 30 million barrels from its emergency oil reserves onto world markets is also sending oil prices down. He added that the United States has agreed to attend a November summit between oil-producing and -consuming nations in Saudi Arabia."This is the very first time that the United States will be represented by ministers at such a summit, and that is very significant," Rodriguez said.
OPEC increased its production to 500,000 barrels per day and its goal is to ______.
A．influence the market
B．increase oil prices
C．stimulate the economy
D．show their power
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