Charles Darwin (1809-1882) was an English naturalist and bio..

第1题

Charles Darwin (1809-1882) was an English naturalist and biologist. As a boy, Darwin cllected anything that caught his interest insects, coins and interesting stones. Darwin was not very clever, but he was good at doing the things that interested him.

His father was a doctor, so Darwin was sent to Edinburgh to study medicine, and was planned to follow a medical career. But Charles found the lectures were very boring. Then his father sent him to Cambridge University to study to be a priest. While at Cambridge, Darwin' s interest in zoology and geography grew. Later he got a letter from Robert FitzRoy who was planning to make a voyage around the world on a ship, the Beagle. He wanted a naturalist to join the ship, and Darwin was recommendeD.That voyage was the start of Darwin' s great life.

As the Beagle sailed around the world, Darwin began to wonder how life had developed on earth. He began to observe everything. After he went back home, he set to work, getting his collections in order.

His first great work The Zoology of the Beagle was well received, but he was slow to make public his ideas on the origins of life. He was certainly very worried about disagreeing with the accepted views of the Church.

Hapily, the naturalists at Cambridge persuaded Darwin that he must make his ideas publiC.So Darwin and Wallace, another naturalist who had the same opinions as Darwin, produced a paper together.

A year later Darwin's great book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection appeareD.It ttracted a storm. People thought that Darwin was saying they were descended from monkeys. What a shameful idea!

Although most scientists agreed that Darwin was right, the Church was still so strong that Darwin never received any honors for his work.

Afterwards, he published another great work, The Descent of Man. His health grew worse, but he still workeD."When I have to give up observation, I shall die," he saiD.He was still working on 17 April, 1882. He was dead two days later.

Darwin' s theory of evolution is that all life is related and has originated from the common ancestor. Birds and bananas, fish and flowers - all is relateD.Darwin' s general theory presumes the development of life from non-life and stresses a purely naturalistic "descent with modification" . That is, complex creatures evolve from simple ancestors naturally over time. In a nutshell, as random genetic mutations occur within an organism' s genetic code, the beneficial changes are passed on to the next generation. Over time, these changes accumulate and the result is an entirely different organism.

Ancient Greek philosophers such as Anaximander postulated the development of life from non-life and the evolutionary descent of man from animals. Charles Darwin simply brought something new to the old philosophy -a plausible mechanism clled "natural election. Suppose a member developed a functional advantage (it grew wings and learmned to fly), its ofpring would inherit that advantage and pass it on to their offspring. The inferior members of the same species would gradually die out, leaving only the superior members of the species.

Natural selection is the reservation of a functional advantage that enables a species to compete better in the world.

Charles Darwin' s theory has made an enormous impact on the worlD.It has aroused controversy, while at the same time creating a new form. of scientific thought. The greatest controversy involves Darwinism' s clashing views with creationism. Creationism is the broad range of beliet involving God' s intervention, which also explains the origin of the universe, life, and different kinds of plants and animals on earth.

Darwin' s theory also has great influence on modern science. His theory of evolution by natural selection has provided us with a possible answer to where we came from. It gives new meanings to professions such as anthropology and genetics.

46. Which of the following is NOT true about young Darwin?

A.His father wanted him to work at church.

B.He was sent to Cambridge to study zoology.

C.He liked to cllect interesting things.

D.Darwin was not very clever when he was young.

47. Darwin' s father sent him to Edinburgh to.

A.make him like natural history

B.have him give up his cllctin

C.let him change his hobbies

D.make him become a doctor

48. According to the passage, Charles Darwin' s whole life was changed by_

A.his study at Cambridge University

B.his cllection of coins

C.the ntulits at Cambridge

D.the voyage of the Beagle

49.What happened when Darwin published his first great work The Zoology of the Beagle?

A.He wrote a research paper on the origin of lite and published at once.

B.He received criticism from the naturalists at Cambridge.

C.He hesitated and did not show his opinions to the public immediately.

D The naturalists at Cambridge persuaded him to comprise with the church.

50. Why did Darwin never receive an honor?

A.Because the Church held strong disagreement with him.

B.Because his achievements are not significant enough.

C.Because the goverment didn' t like his opinions.

D.Because he would not accept any honors for his work.

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第2题

Compared with Thoreau who was a great thinker, Emerson was a great experimentalist who put Transcendental doctrines into practice in the actual life.

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第3题

Nelson Mandela was born in South Atrica on July 18, 1918. His tather was a Chiet of a tribe. Mandela had strong character even from he was a child and he respected national heroes very much. As the oldest son in his family, Mandela was appointed as the successor of the tribe, but he refuseD.He said he would never dominate a tribe, which was under oppressed, with a chief identity. He determined to throw himself into the career of the national liberation.

Mandela was educated at University College of Fort Hare and University of Witwatersrand and qulified in law in 1942. He joined the African National Congress (ANC) in 1944, and was sccessfully led the resistance against the apartheid policies. Nelson Mandela thus won the respect of all the blacks in South America.

In June 1961, he became the commander of the military organization of ANC . Because of his political activity, he went on trial for treason in 1956-1961 . In 1962, Mandela was arrested and stayed in prison for five years with hard labor. In 1964, he was sentenced to life imprisonment.

(Locked up in his cell during daylight hours, deprived of music, both these simple pleasures were denied him for decades. With his fllw prisoners, concerts were organized when possible, particularly at Christmas time,where they would sing. Nelson Mandela finds music very uplifting, and takes a keen interest not only in European classical music but also in African choral music and the many talents in South African musiC.Even years later, Nelson Mandela' s greatest pleasure, his most private moment, was sill watching the sun set with the music of Handel or Tchaikovsky playing.

He stayed in the prison for 27 yeas. During his years in prison, he consistently refused to compromise his political position to obtain his freedom. Mandela' s reputation grew steady. He became a potent symbol ofresistance as the anti-apartheid movement.

Mandela was eventually set free on February 18, 1990. The event was broadcast live all over the worlD.On the day of his release from prison, Mandela made a speech to the nation. He said, "To be free is not merely to cast off one's chains, but to live in a way that respects and enhances the freedom of others." In 1994, Nelson Mandela became the first black President in the history of South Africa.

The years in jail reinforced his habits that were already entrencheD.From the 1940s, he had the disciplined eating regime of an athlete, and did early morning exercise everyday. Still today Nelson Mandela is up by 4:30 am,irespective of how late he has worked the previous evening. By 5 am he has begun his exercise routine that lasts at least an hour. Breakfast is by 6:30, when the day' s newspapers are reaD.The day' s work has begun.

With a standard working day of at least 12 hours, time management is crucial and Mandela is extremely impatient with unpunctuality, regarding it as insulting to those you are dealing with.

In his life time, he won nearly one hundred awards. In 1993, he was honored with the Nobel Peace Prize, which was to commend his contribution in against racial discrimination for half a century. Nevertheless, Mandela accepted it as an accolade to all the people who have worked for peace.

56.Whom did Mandela respect in his childhood?

A.National athletes.

B.National heroes.

C.White people.

D.His parents.

57.Nelson Mandela refused to be the chief of the tribe because_____.

A.he dld not want to be like his father

B.he wanted to go to university

C.he did not want to be a leader of the tribe that was under opression

D.he wanted to become the president of South Africa

58.In Para.2, the word” apartheid" refer to the policies.

A.racial discrimination

B.immigration

C.economic

D.population growth

59.Mandela had great interest in the following music forms EXCEPT______

A.European classical music

B.African choral music.

C.American popular music

D.South American talents' music.

60.How long did Mandela stay in jail?

A.25years

B.27years

C.30 years

D.23 years.

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Charles Darwin （1809-1882) was an English naturalist and biologist. As a boy, Darwin c