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Those universities were established either by __________________(潜心学习的学生团体), as in Italy, or by teachers wanting to teach, as in France.
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W: Hello.
H: Professor Wang, you are now professor emeritus of Australian National University. And in your long academic career, you've worn many hats as tutor, lecturer, department head, dean, professor and vice chancellor. However, as I know, you are still very fond of your university days as a student.
W: That's right. That was in 1949. The university I went to was a brand new university then, and the only one in the country at that time. When I look back, it was an amazingly small university and we knew everybody.
H: How did the students like you, for example, study then？
W: We did not study very hard, because we did not have to. We didn't have all these fantastic competitions as you have today. We were always made to feel that getting a first degree in the Arts' faculty was not preparation for a profession, it was a general education. We were not under any pressure to decide on our careers, and we had such a good time. We were left very much on our own, and we were encouraged to make things happen.
H : What do you think is the most striking difference in the present day education since then？
W: University education has changed dramatically since those days. Things are very specialized today.
H: Yes, definitely so. And in your subsequent career experience as an educator, and later administrator in various institutions of higher education in Asia and elsewhere, Prof. Wang, you have repeatedly noted that one has to look at the development of education in one particular country in the broad context. What do you mean by that？
W. Well, the whole world has moved away from elite education and universities to meet the needs of mass education. And entering universities is no longer a privilege for the few. And universities today are more concerned with providing jobs for their graduates in a way that universities in our time never had to be bothered about. Therefore, the emphasis of university programs today is now on the practical and the utilitarian rather than on the general education or on personal development.
H: Do you think that is a welcome development？
W: Well, I personally regret this development. But the basic bachelor's education now has to cater to people who really need a piece of paper to find a decent job.
H: So you are concerned about this development？
W: Yes, I'm very concerned. With technical changes, many of the things that you learned are technical skills which didn't require you to become very well educated. Yet, if you can master those skills, you can get very good jobs. So the technical institutions are going to be increasingly popular at the expense of traditional universities.
H: Prof. Wang, let's look at a different issue. How do you comment on the current phenomenon that more and more universities admit students because of the fees they pay？
W: Well, once you accept students on financial grounds, one wonders whether you have to pass them as well. But this is the development in education that we have to contend with. Yet, if we are concerned about maintaining standards, what we can do is to concentrate on improving the quality of education.
H. Yes, you are right. A university is judged by the quality of education it offers. Prof. Wang, let's turn to the future. What types of graduates, in your view, do universities of the future need to produce if they are to remain relevant？
W. I think their graduates must be able to shift from one profession to another, because they are trained in a very independent way. If you can do that, you raise the level of the flexibility of the mind. Today's rapid changes in technology demand this adaptability. And you see, the best universities in the world are already trying to guarantee that their students will not only be technically-trained, but can be that kind of people that can
A．Students worked very hard.
B．Students felt they needed a second degree.
C．Education was not career-oriented.
D．There were many specialized subjects.
SECTION B INTERVIEW
Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.
Now listen to the interview.
听力原文： (N = Nancy Johnson; W: Wang Gungwu)
N: Good evening. I'm Nancy Johnson. The guest on our radio talk this evening is Professor Wang Gungwu. Hello, Professor Wang.
W: Hello.
N: Professor Wang, you're now Professor Emeritus of Australian National University. And in your long academic career, you've worn many hats as tutor, lecturer, department head, dean, professor and vice-chancellor. However, as I know, you are still very fond of your university days as a student.
W: That's right. That was in 1949. The university I went to was a brand-new university then and the only one in the country at that time. When I look back, it was an amazingly small university and we knew everybody.
N: How did the students like you. for example, study then？
W: We did not study very hard because we did not have to. We didn't have all this fantastic competition that you have today.
N: Mm.
W: Eh, we were always made to feel that getting a first degree in the Arts Faculty was not preparation for a profession. It was a general education. We were not under any pressure to decide on our careers and we had such a good time. We were left very much on our own and were encouraged to make things happen.
N: What do you see is the most striking difference in the present day education since then？
W: University education has changed dramatically since those days. Things are very specialised today.
N: Yes, definitely so. And, in your subsequent career experience as an educator and later administrator in various institutions of higher education in Asia and elsewhere, Prof. Wang, you have repeatedly noted that one has to look at the development of education in one particular country in the broad context. What do you mean by that？
W: Well, the whole world has moved away from elite education in universities to meet the needs of mass education. And entering universities is no longer a privilege for the few. And universities today are more concerned with providing jobs for their graduates in a way that universities in our time never had to bother about. Therefore, the emphasis of university programmes today is now on the practical and the utilitarian, rather than on a general education or on personal development.
N: Do you think that is a welcome development？
W: Well, I personally regret this development, but the basic bachelor's education now has to cater to people who really need a piece of paper to find a decent job.
N: So, you're concerned about this development？
W: Yes, I am very much concerned. With technical changes, many of the things that you learn are technical skills which don't require you to become very well educated, yet if you can master those skills, you can get very good jobs. So, the technical institutions are going to be increasingly popular at the expense of traditional universities.
N: Professor Wang, let's look at a different issue. How do you comment on the current phenomenon that more and more universities admit students because of the fees they pay？
W: Well, once you accept students on financial grounds, one wonders whether you have to pass them as well, but this is the development in education that we have to contend with. Yet, if we are concerned about maintaining standards, what we can do is to concentrate on improving the quality of education.
N: Yes, you're right. A university is judged by the quality of education it offers. Professor Wang, let's turn to the future. What type of graduates, in your view, do universities of the future need to produce if they are to remain relevant？
W: I think, their graduates must be able to shift from one profes
A．Students worked very hard.
B．Students felt they needed a second degree.
C．Education was not career-oriented.
D．There were many specialized subjects.
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
The best solution to the female brain drain in universities is to________.
A．create more academic posts for women
B．offer help to women with young children
C．dismiss those with prejudice against women
D．promote more women to leadership positions
A．25%
B．40%
C．39%
D．10%
According to the author, what is a problem for foreign students at state universities？
A．The problem is that they must pay less than out-of-state students.
B．The question is that only a few of those foreign students are accepted.
C．The issue is that it is illegal for them to get scholarships at state universities.
D．The trouble is that their scholarships are smaller than those of native students.
Those students whose university is not listed on the Recruiting Calendar may ______.
A．apply to GM online
B．be given interesting
C．come to the GM's training offices directly
D．invite recruiters to visit their universities
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
What does the author suggest research-led universities do？
A．Spread their influence among top research institutions.
B．Generously share their facilities with those short of funds.
C．Publicise their research to win international recognition.
D．Fully utilise their research to benefit all sectors of society.
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