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发布时间：2022-01-07
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Offshore production refers to FDI undertaken to serve the host market.
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更多“Offshore production refers to FDI undertaken to serve the host market.”相关的问题
第2题
When the Wells Dry UpA "Everyone else in Britain hangs on what the Bank of England does wi
When the Wells Dry Up
A "Everyone else in Britain hangs on what the Bank of England does with interest rates," says one proud Aberdonian. "Up here, we don' t care about that. We' re much more interested in what OPEC does to the oil price." An exaggeration maybe, but Aberdeen is the Houston of an offshore industry that has long made Britain a big oil and gas producer. The petropounds coursing through the "Granite City" on the north-east coast of Scotland have turned Aberdeen into one of the most prosperous cities in Britain. The typical worker makes ￡481 a week, compared with median earnings of ￡447 across Britain. The city' s unemployment rate is well under the national average. The oil industry employs 33,000 people directly in Aberdeen and is estimated to provide work for 400,000 in Britain.
B Aberdeen is booming now thanks to high oil prices, but the future looks less rosy. Offshore output peaked eight years ago, when Britain was the world' s sixth-biggest producer of oil and gas; by 2006 it had become the 12th-biggest. The International Energy Agency said on July 10th that the drop in production had been steeper than expected. "There'll be nothing here in 15 years' time," says one former offshore worker. "Oil' s been good to me, but I wouldn't want my son going into the business." The recent decision by Royal Dutch Shell to sell off several of its North Sea fields and to abandon the construction of a ￡25 million head-quarters in the city has added to local worries.
C Yet even though oil and gas output is declining, the local businesses that have sprung up to support it have bright prospects. The North Sea was one of the earliest offshore oil basins to be developed. Many of the technologies needed to produce oil from underwater wells—especially in the difficult, gale-prone waters off the British coast—were developed in Scotland. Around 90% of oil-industry workers are employed not by the big international companies such as BP or Total that operate the fields but by local businesses.
D For example, Wood Group is a big oil-services firm that specialises in, among other things, enhanced-recovery technology and offshore pipelines. Sub-Atlantic is a small outfit that makes remotely operated submarines. Altogether such businesses—covering everything from catering and construction to geology and engineering—have a turnover of around ￡11.7 billion a year. The hope is that they will be able to sell the expertise they have acquired in the North Sea to an industry searching for oil and seeking to maximise production in ever more testing submarine conditions around the world.
E One area of particular British expertise is in subsea technology, a catch-all term for things such as automated wellheads and long pipeline networks on the seabed. These allow oil companies to use cheap ships instead of expensive fixed platforms and enable them to operate several wells from one platform. many miles away. Remotely operated vehicles are used to install and maintain equipment where water is too deep for divers. In 2005 Britain' s subsea industry' s output was worth around ￡3.4 billion, half of which was exported, a 20% rise on the year before. There are big opportunities to keep growing fast. British firms account for half of global sales, and the industry is expanding rapidly. The world market for subsea services could be worth $40 billion by 2011, according to Scottish Enterprise, a development agency. David Pridden, the boss of Subsea UK, a trade agency, thinks exports from the British industry could reach $15 billion by 2020.
F Local businesses also have experience in squeezing more output out of existing fields, or cheaply developing smaller ones—something that should extend the life of Britain' s North Sea industry. As big finds become rarer, producers are focusing on how to extract oil from smaller reservoirs that can be geologically or technically tricky to operate. "As oth
第3题
For millennia man has exploited and often destroyed the riches of the land. Now man covets
the wealth of the oceans, which cover nearly three-quarters of the earth, but the scramble for minerals and oil, for new underwater empires, could heighten international tensions and set a new and wider stage for world conflict.
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Even the most conservative estimates of resources in the seabed stagger the imagination. In the millions of miles of ocean that touch a hundred nations live four out of five living things on earth. In the seabed, minerals and oil have been proved to exist in lavish supply. The oceans are a source of pure water and food protein; of drugs and building materials; they are even possibly a habitat for man himself and a key to survival for the doubling population on the land.
A few years ago, practical men dismissed speculations about wealth in the sea. That is economic foolishness, they said. It will never be economically profitable to exploit the seabed, no matter how great the riches to be found there. Unfortunately, they underestimated the lure of gold as the mother of invention. Yet the pessimists may be proved right. In these pioneer years of the Ocean Age, the damage done sometimes seems to exceed the benefit gained. Beaches from England to Puerto Rico to California have been soaked in oily slime. Fish and wildlife have been destroyed. Insecticides, seeping into the rivers and then the oceans, have killed fish and waterfowl and revived fears that other lethal chemicals may contaminate our waters when they are used as garbage dumps. The future disposal of increasing amounts of atomic waste is an unresolved problem. Millions of acres of offshore seabed have been leased for drilling. Largely in ignorance, we are tinkering with our greatest source of life.
The incredible magnitude of the ocean's resources can be measured by just one isolated example: the metal content of manganese nodules. These lumps of mineral on the ocean floor were once regarded as a curiosity with no economic value. One study of reserves in the Pacific Ocean alone came up with an estimate that the nodules contained 358 billion tons of manganese, equivalent, at present rates of consumption, to reserves for 400,000 years. The nodules contain equally staggering amounts of aluminum, nickel, cobalt, and other medals. Most of these resources exist at great depths, from 5,000 to more than 15,000 feet below sea level. Yet within five to ten years the technology will exist for commercial mining operations. This will make available virtually unlimited metal reserves.
More familiar to most of us is the accelerated pace of offshore drilling that now extends more than 50 miles out to sea and accounts for 15 percent of U.S. oil production. In the twelve years between 1955 and 1967, offshore production of crude oil increased from seven million to 222 million barrels. Estimates of known reserves of natural gas have more than tripled in the past 15 years, and each advance of scientific exploration of the ocean beds brings to light new finds that would gladden the eye of the most hardened veteran of the California gold rush.
Perhaps the least developed resource, and one of critical importance to spiraling population figures, is the use of the seas for farming techniques or aquaculture. Present method of fishing can only be compared with primitive hunting with a bow and arrow; if fish were cultivated like livestock, the present world fish catch could easily be multiplied five — or as much as ten fold. The production of protein concentrate and the distillation of fresh water are still experimental in an economic sense; there is no reason to believe that they too cannot become both useful and profitable. Aquaculture could also be applied to a variety of marine plant life.
The principal subject discussed in this passage is ______.
A．the bleak future for the oceans
B．the resources in the oceans
C．the environmental damage to the oceans
D．the climatic changes caused by ocean currents
第4题
第二篇 Energy and Public Lands The United States boasts substantial energy resource
第二篇 Energy and Public Lands
The United States boasts substantial energy resources. Federal lands provide a good deal of US energy production, the US Department of the Interior manages federal energy leasing(租赁) both on land and on the offshore Outer Continental Shelf Production from these sources amounts to nearly 30 percent of total annual US energy production.
In 2000, 32 percent of US oil, 35 percent of natural gas, and 37 percent of coal were produced from federal lands, representing 20,000 producing oil and gas leases and 135 producing coal leases. Federal lands are also estimated to contain approximately 68 percent of all undiscovered US oil reserves and 74 percent of undiscovered natural gas.
Revenues from federal oil, gas, and coal leasing provide significant returns to US taxpayers as well as State Government. In 1999, for example, $553 million in oil and gas revenues were paid to the US Treasury, and non-India coal leases accounted for over $304 million in revenues, of which 50 percent were paid to State governments. Public lands also play a critical role in energy delivery. Each year, federal land managers authorize rights of way for transmission lines, rail systems, pipelines, and other facilities related to energy production and use.
Alternative energy production from federal lands falls behind conventional energy production, though the amount is still significant. For example, federal geothermal(地热) resources produce about 7.5 billion kilowatt-hours(千瓦时) of electricity per year, 47 percent of all electricity generated from US geothermal energy. There are 2,960 wind turbines on public lands in California alone, producing electricity for about 300,000 people. Federal hydropower facilities produce about 17 percent of all hydropower produced in the United States.
Because of the growing US thirst for energy and increasing public unease with influence on foreign off sources, pressure on public lands to meet US energy demand is becoming more intense. Public lands are available for energy development only after they have been evaluated through the land use planning process. If development of energy resources conflicts with management or use of other resources, development restrictions or impact moderation measures may be enforced, or mineral be banned altogether.
36 What is the main idea of this passage？
A Public lands play an important role in energy production.
B Public lands are one of the main sources of revenues.
C Public lands should be developed to ease energy shortage.
D Public lands store huge energy resources for further development.
第5题
听力原文：China announced Sunday its decision to lift retail diesel and gasoline prices for
听力原文： China announced Sunday its decision to lift retail diesel and gasoline prices for the first time in eight months, while setting up a mechanism to offer some subsidies to disadvantaged communities and public service sectors.
The recipients of the subsidies include grain growers, fishermen and fishing firms operating and fanning offshore or in inland areas, using oil-driven fishing boats, state-owned forestry enterprises and nurseries of forestry centers, urban public transportation firms, said the commission.
It said the government will pay a number of subsidies directly to grain growers to reduce the impact of the price hikes of diesel oil and chemical fertilizers and other agricultural production materials.
For operators of rural passenger shipping business, the commission said the government will reduce the impact mainly through such measures as adjusting the charges of transportation, and offering proper amount of subsidies to those in difficulty.
The commission said local governments will offset the increased financial burden on taxi drivers in the urban areas mainly through readjusting the charges of transportation and imposing surcharge on fuel oil.
The Chinese government has ordered various localities to implement the measures on subsidies while price regulators at various levels should improve inspection and supervision of prices of processed oil to maintain the stability of the oil prices.
(4)
A．They will remain stable.
B．They will be raised.
C．They have been changing all the time.
D．They are determined directly by the supply and demand of the market.
第6题
（a) Gasnature is a publicly traded entity involved in the production and trading of natura
(a) Gasnature is a publicly traded entity involved in the production and trading of natural gas and oil. Gasnature jointly owns an underground storage facility with another entity, Gogas. Both parties extract gas from offshore gas fields, which they own and operate independently from each other. Gasnature owns 55% of the underground facility and Gogas owns 45%. They have agreed to share services and costs accordingly, with decisions regarding the storage facility requiring unanimous agreement of the parties. The underground facility is pressurised so that the gas is pushed out when extracted. When the gas pressure is reduced to a certain level, the remaining gas is irrecoverable and remains in the underground storage facility until it is decommissioned. Local legislation requires the decommissioning of the storage facility at the end of its useful life. Gasnature wishes to know how to treat the agreement with Gogas including any obligation or possible obligation arising on the underground storage facility and the accounting for the irrecoverable gas. (9 marks)
(b) Gasnature has entered into a 10-year contract with Agas for the purchase of natural gas. Gasnature has made an advance payment to Agas for an amount equal to the total quantity of gas contracted for 10 years which has been calculated using the forecasted price of gas. The advance carries interest of 6% per annum, which is settled by way of the supply of extra gas. Fixed quantities of gas have to be supplied each month and there is a price adjustment mechanism in the contract whereby the difference between the forecasted price of gas and the prevailing market price is settled in cash monthly. If Agas does not deliver gas as agreed, Gasnature has the right to claim compensation at the current market price of gas. Gasnature wishes to know whether the contract with Agas should be accounted for under IFRS 9 Financial Instruments. (6 marks)
(c) Additionally, Gasnature is finalising its financial statements for the year ended 31 August 2015 and has the following issues:
(i) Gasnature purchased a major refinery on 1 January 2015 and the directors estimate that a major overhaul is required every two years. The costs of the overhaul are approximately $5 million which comprises $3 million for parts and equipment and $2 million for labour. The directors proposed to accrue the cost of the overhaul over the two years of operations up to that date and create a provision for the expenditure. (4 marks)
(ii) From October 2014, Gasnature had undertaken exploratory drilling to find gas and up to 31 August 2015 costs of $5 million had been incurred. At 31 August 2015, the results to date indicated that it was probable that there were sufficient economic benefits to carry on drilling and there were no indicators of impairment. During September 2015, additional drilling costs of $2 million were incurred and there was significant evidence that no commercial deposits existed and the drilling was abandoned. (4 marks)
Required:
Discuss, with reference to International Financial Reporting Standards, how Gasnature should account for the above agreement and contract, and the issues raised by the directors.
Note: The mark allocation is shown against each of the items above.
Professional marks will be awarded in question 3 for clarity and quality of presentation. (2 marks)
第7题
United States banks have tried to be _____ with overseas banks.
A.offshore
B.competitive
C.corporate
D.flexible
