Ansoff矩阵是由美国战略管理的鼻祖安索夫设计的一套框架,针对产品或服务的四大主要战略加以归类,区别出四种产品/市场组合策略:()。
A.市场渗透战略
B.多元化经营战略
C.发展竞争战略
D.产品开发战略
E.市场开发战略
- · 有2位网友选择 CD,占比25%
- · 有2位网友选择 CE,占比25%
- · 有1位网友选择 D,占比12.5%
- · 有1位网友选择 ABE,占比12.5%
- · 有1位网友选择 E,占比12.5%
- · 有1位网友选择 BE,占比12.5%
A.市场渗透战略
B.多元化经营战略
C.发展竞争战略
D.产品开发战略
E.市场开发战略
(1)设各国都了解该支付矩阵并相信另一国会根据它自己的利益行事。两个国家都有一个占优策略吗?如果各国都为了最大化其福利而采取理性的行为,均衡政策将是什么?
(2)现在假设日本不能肯定美国一定会表现得很理性。特别是,日本担心美国政治家即.使不能最大化美国的福利也要惩罚日本。这将如何影响日本的策略选择?这将如何改变均衡?
We can think of the U. s. and Japanese trade policies as a Prisoners' Dilemma. The two countries are considering policies to open or close their import markets. Suppose the payoff matrix is:
a Assume that each country knows the payoff matrix and believes that the other country will act in its own interest. Does either country have a dominant strategy? What will the equilibrium policies if each country acts rationally to maximize its welfare?
b. Now amuse that Japan is mot certain that the u.s. will behave ration.In particular Japan is concerned that U. S. g politicians may want to penalize Japan even if that does not maximize
U. S. welfare. How might this affect Japan' s choice of strategy? How might this change the equilibrium?
a.在没有对外贸易时,美国和欧洲汽车市场上均衡的厂商数量是多少?
b.在没有对外贸易时,美国和欧洲汽车市场上均衡的价格是多少?
c.现在假设美欧之间进行自由贸易,美国市场上除了原有的3亿人口外,将增加5.33亿人口。在美国和欧洲汽车市场上将有多少汽车厂商?汽车新的均衡价格是多少?
d.美国市场上汽车的价格在b和c中为何不同?自由贸易改善了消费者的福利吗?是怎样改善的?
Suppose that fixed costs for a firm in the automobile industry (start- up costs of factories, capital equipment, and so on) are $5 billion and that variable costs are equal to $17,000 per finished automobile. Because more firms increase competition in the market, the market price falls as more firms enter an automobile market, or specifically, where n represents the number of firms in a market. Assume that the initial size of the U.S. and the European automobile markets are 300 million and 533 million people, respectively.
a.Calculate the equilibrium number of firms in the U.S. and European automobile markets without trade.
b.What is the equilibrium price of automobiles in the United States and Europe if the automobile industry is closed to foreign trade?
c.Now suppose that the United States decides on free trade in automobiles with Europe. The trade agreement with the Europeans adds 533 million consumers to the automobile market, in addition to the 300 million in the United States. How many automobile firms will there be in the United States and in Europe combined? What will be the new equilibrium price of automobiles?
d.Why are prices in the United States different in (c) than in (b) ? Are consumers better off with free trade? In what ways?
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