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B．Simple past tense
C．Present perfect tense
D．Future tense
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更多“What tenses are most commonly seen in Literature Review section ______.”相关的问题
A、Simple present tense
B、Simple past tense
C、Present perfect tense
D、Future tense
A.by using auxiliary words
B.by using different word order
C.by using different verb forms
D.by using time adverbs
This sort of observation flies in the face of conventional wisdom about what language is. Most linguists are influenced by the work of Noam Chomsky---in particular, his theory of "deep grammar". According to Dr. Chomsky, people are born with a sort of linguistic template in their brains. This is a set of rules that allows children to learn a language quickly, but also imposes constraints and structure on what is learnt. Evidence in support of this theory includes the tendency of children to make systematic mistakes which indicate a tendency to impose rules on what turn out to be grammatical exceptions (e. g. "I dided it" instead of "I did it"). There is also the ability of the children of migrant workers to invent new languages known as creoles out of the grammatically incoherent pidgin spoken by their parents. Exactly what the deep grammar consists of is still not clear, but a basic distinction between nouns and verbs would probably be one of its minimum requirements.
Dr. Gil contends, however, that there is a risk of unconscious bias leading to the conclusion that a particular sort of grammar exists in an unfamiliar language. That is because it is easier for linguists to dis cover extra features in foreign languages--for example tones that change the meaning of words, which are common in Indonesian but do not exist in European languages--than to realize that elements which are taken for granted in a linguist's native language may be absent from another. Despite the best intentions, he says, there is a tendency to fit languages into a mould. And since most linguists are westerners, that mould is usually an Indo-European language from the West.
It needs not, however, be a modern language. Dr. Gil's point about bias is well illustrated by the history of the study of the world's most widely spoken tongue. Many of the people who developed modern linguistics had had an education in Latin and Greek. As a consequence, English was often described until well into the 20th century as having six different noun cases, because Latin has six. Only relatively recently did grammarians begin a debate over noun cases in English. Some now contend that it does not have noun cases at all, others that it has two while still others maintain that there are three or four cases.
The difficulty is compounded if a linguist is not fluent in the language he is studying. The process of linguistic fieldwork is a painstaking one, fraught with pitfalls. Its mainstay is the use of "informants" who tell linguists, in interviews and on paper, about their language. Unfortunately, these informants tend to be better-educated than their fellows, and are often fluent in more than one language.
Which of the following statements is NOT true of Riau Indonesian？
A．It is quite different from standard Indonesian.
B．It shares some features with western languages.
C．There are no distinct features between nouns and verbs.
D．It is hard for western linguists to differentiate verb tenses.
Anna asks her fiancé, Ben, “Can we talk about us？” Immediately Ben tenses up, sensing trouble. He prepares himself for an unpleasant conversation and reluctantly agrees. Anna then thanks Ben for being so supportive during the last few months when she was under enormous pressure at her job. She tells him she feels closer than ever to him. Then she invites Ben to tell her what makes him feel loved and close to her. Although Ben is relieved to learn there is no crisis, he is also baffled: “If there isn’t a problem, why do women need to talk about the relationship？ If it’s working, let it be.” Question: Could you explain why Ben was reluctant to have a talk with his fiancée？
A、past tense
B、present tense
C、present perfect tense
D、present progressive tense
Which of the following present continuous tenses expresses future action？
A．Mike is dancing with high passion.
B．Mum is cooking a fish in the kitchen.
C．I"m going out this evening.
D．He is reading an interesting novel.
SECTION B INTERVIEW
Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.
Now listen to the interview.
听力原文：British man: What is there about this English language of , ours that makes it possible for the two of us --having grown up,perhaps,4,000 miles apart--to be able to communicat4 so easily？
American man: Well, we might begin by recognizing that language consists of sounds, words, inflections, and the arrangement of words into phrases and sentences.
B: Let's begin with one of these: the inflectional forms--for example, the noun plurals and verb tenses. Surely, in the, aspect, British and American English have not diverged very much, have they？
A: No, not at all. Thousands of nouns form. their plurals in the regular fashion in the manner of “cat ..... cats”; "dog"--" dogs .... church"--" churches". And this is the same on both sides of the Atlantic. Would you say the same thing for the verbs？ B: Yes, I think I would. Here again the regular forms are so overwhelming in number, aren't they？ For most of the verbs, our two forms of language are pretty well identical.
A. Well, that depends on what you mean by identity. I can think, for example, of instances where our spellings are alike but the pronunciation is different. For example, the past of the verb "eat."
B. Yes, the past tense is spelled in both forms of English "a--t--e". But I pronounce this as [ et ] to rhyme with “get” as do most of us in Britain, and I think that we would tend to regard the American pronunciation as a relatively uneducated one. Isn't it true that most educated people in the U.S. would rhyme "ate" with" late" regard the British pronunciation as a bit odd？
A: More than a bit odd. I would say. Actually to us, [ ct ] seems countrified, even uneducated. We could supply other examples here, but I think we should go on to the order of words in phrases and sentences. After all, it is through word order, rather than inflectional forms, that so much of our grammatical meaning is conveyed.
B: Yes, and I suppose this is one of the reasoas why we have so little difficulty in understanding each other. It's hard to think of any place that you and I would have arranged the principal sentence elements in a different way.
A: You are right, of course. For example, the entire English -speaking world puts the subject before the verb and the object after it in making a sentence.
B: None of these grammatical differences add up to very much, do they？ Let's talk briefly now about pronunciation. Take the difference that is probably best known: the sounding or not sounding of [r] after vowels in words like "bird" and "hurt". It's not just a matter of saying that Americans sound the [r] s and the Britishers don't. After all, as you know, in Scotland, Lancashire, Ireland, and the whole of the western counties of England really, the [r] s are pronounced more or less as they are with you.
A: Yes, and in the States, on the other hand, you will find a rather large area in New England, almost all of the area', a- round New York City, and various parts of the coastal south, where the Americans don't sound the [r] s. And it's equally difficult to generalize about the differences in pronunciation of words like dance", which I pronounce with the vowel in cap-[L] and you pronounce with the vowel in "father'; [a: ]. In the United States we vary a good deal; for example, eastern New England has the [a] type of pronunciation.
B: As you know, we don't have [ ct: ] at all widely either. It occurs among educated speakers and in the South and in London, but in the northern counties of England people have a pronunciation similar to yours. So I think we should insist on people not exaggerating the differences b
A．Regular noun plural forms
B．Irregular noun plural forms
C．Verb tenses
D．None of the above items
A、The present or past tenses
B、The present tenses
C、The past tenses
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