“Cry” is a specific word.

from the Gaelic word slaughgharim, which signified a "host-shout." "war cry," or "gathering word or phrase of one of the old Highland clans; hence the shout or battle cry of soldiers in the field." English-speaking people began using the term by 1704. The term at the time meant "the distinctive note, phrase, or cry of any person or body of persons." Slogans were common throughout the European continent during the middle ages, and they were utilized primarily as "passwords to insure pooper recognition of individuals at night or in the confusion of battle." The American revolutionary rhetoric would not have been the same without "the Boston Massacre," "the Boston Tea Party," "the shot heard around the world," and shouts of "no taxation without representation".

Slogans operate in society as "social symbols" and, as such, their intended or perceived meaning may be difficult to grasp and their impact or stimulation may differ between and among individuals and groups.

Because slogans may operate as "significant symbols" or as key words that have a standard meaning in a group, they serve both expressive and persuasive functions. Harold Lasswell recognized that the influencing of collective attitudes is possible by the manipulation of significant symbols such as slogans. He believed that a verbal symbol might evoke a desired reaction or organize collective attitudes around a symbol. Murray Edelman writes that "to the political scientist patterning or consistency in the context in which specific groups of individuals use symbols is crucial, for only through such patterning do common political meaning and claims arise." Thus, the slogans a group uses to evoke specific responses may provide ns with an index for the group's norm, values, and conceptual rationale for its claims.

Slogans are so pervasive in today's society that it is easy to underestimate their persuasive power. They have grown in significance because of the medium of television and the advertising industry. Television, in addition to being the major advertising medium, has altered the nature of human interaction. Political images arc less personal and shorter. They function as summaries and conclusions rather than bases for public interaction and debate. The style. of presentation in television is more emotional, but the content is less complex or ideological. In short, slogans work well on television.

The advertising industry has made a science of sloganeering. Today, communication itself is a problem because we live in an "overcommunicated" society. Advertisers have discovered that it is easier to link product attributes to existing beliefs, ideas, goals, and desires of the consumer rather than to change them. Thus, to say that a cookie tastes "homemade" or is as good as "Mom used to make" does not tell us if the cookie is good or bad, hard or soft, but simply evokes the fond memories of Mother's baking. Advertisers, then, are more successful if they present a product in a way that capitalizes on established beliefs or expectations of the consumer. Slogans do this well by crystallizing in a few words the key idea or theme one wants to associate with an issue, group, product, or event. "Sloganeering" has become institutionalized as a virtual art form, and an advertising agency may spend months testing and creating the right slogan for a product or a person.

Slogans have a number of attributes that enhance their persuasive potential for social movements. They are unique and readily identifiable with a specific social movement or social movement organization. "Gray Power," for instance, readily identifies the movement for elderly Americans, and "Huelga" (strike in Spanish) identifies the movement to aid Mexican American field workers in the west and southwest.

"Sloganeering' stems from a word that was used ______.

A．in the United States

B．in the Ireland

C．on the European continent

D．frequently in revolutionary rhetoric

What's new is the discovery by University of California, San Francisco scientists that the expression on your face can also affect your own feelings and that if you deliberately change that expression your body will automatically respond.

Psychologists Paul Ekman, Robert W. Levenson and Wallace Friesen enrolled professional actors in their experiment because they have been trained both to recall emotions from the past and not to be self conscious or embarrassed when asked to pose. After they were hooked up to equipment that electronically recorded the activity of their involuntary nervous systems, the actors were not told how to feel. But they were, instructed to move muscles in their faces to create smile, frowns, and expressions of anger, fear, sadness, happiness, disgust and surprise.

Two major findings came out of the study, published in Science magazine. One is that heart rate and skin temperature--both under the control of the autonomic nervous system--vary according to facial expression. This suggests some form. of communication between the brain's motor cortex(皮层), which governs voluntary movements, and areas in the brain's hypothalamus(下丘脑) that, instead, deal with unconscious bodily reactions to stimuli.

The other finding is that, contrary to what had been expected, the facial expressions that convey anger, fear, sadness and disgust each produce a different, but typical pattern of response from the involuntary nervous system. Though the psychologists have not yet detected correspondingly specific patterns for the other emotions they studied, they expect to identify them eventually.

As importantly, says Ekman, the new discoveries may, in time, have practical consequences because they "open the door to exploring how emotions cause physical disorders, and offer the possibility of using facial expressions therapeutically(治疗地)."

Scientists discovered that people's emotions are______.

A．controlled by their facial expression

B．influenced by their facial expression

C．identical with their facial expression

D．contrary to their facial expression

根据下面内容，回答题：

Have you ever wondered why authors write？ Sometimes they are inspired to create stories. Other times they write to provide information about an interesting topic. Some authors write to convince us about something. Whatever the circumstances， authors have reasons for writing; this is called， the "author"s purpose. " The three most common types of author"s purpose are: to entertain，to inform， and to persuade.

Think about the last time a story made you laugh， cry， or tremble with fright. These types of stories are written with a particular purpose in mind: to entertain the reader. Authors write many kinds of stories to entertain， including humorous fiction， realistic fiction， fantasy， fairy tales， and fables. While fiction entertains， non-fiction has a different purpose.

Many non-fiction writings or texts are written with the purpose of giving information about an interesting topic. Authors who write to inform. must research their subject to ensure that they convey accurate information to the reader. Some examples of texts that inform. are encyclopedia entries， news articles， expository non-fiction books， and interviews. All of these types of writing give information about certain topics.

Sometimes authors write because they want to convince their readers about something. This is called argumentative， or persuasive writing. Oftentimes， texts that are meant to persuade use specific techniques to make the reader care about the subject， and to think about it in a certain way. These techniques might be found in letters to the editor， argumentative essays， or persuasive speeches.

Next time you read a text， see if you can figure what the author is trying to tell you. It might be easier than you think. Just ask yourself: what is the author" s purpose？

Which of the following is most likely the title of a passage in which the author‘ s purpose is to entertain ？ 查看材料

A.Why Dogs are Smarter than Cats

B.An Interview with J. K. Rowling

C.The Adventures of Waldo Wizard

D.An Argument for Shorter Classes

It’s no use to cry over split milk. ()

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as the reason for babies' cry？

A．Discomfort.

B．Hungry.

C．Consolation.

D．Thirsty.

A.crying

B.to cry

C.cry

D.cries

an ingenious experiment to find out. He placed padded earphones over a newborn's ears and gave him a bottle nipple attached to a closed rubber tube. Changes in pressure in the tube switched channels on a tape recorder. If the baby paused extra long between bursts of sucking, he heard on channel; if he paused shorter than average, he heard the other. The baby now had the ability, in effect, to change channels.

DeCasper found that newborns choose the recording of their mother's voice over that of another woman's. The baby, however, has no innate interest in his father's voice, which is heard in the womb only from time to time, while the mother's voice is ever present. Within two weeks after birth, however, the baby can recognize Dad's voice too.

A newborn is even attuned to the cadence and rhythm of his native language. In a French study using a setup similar to DeCasper's, French babies given the choice between French and Russian words responded more to the sound of French.

Brian Satt, a research specialist in clinical psychology, has parents sing a lullaby-like "womb song" to their babies. The unborn baby often develops a specific, consistent movement pattern when its song is sung. According to Salt, most parents can calm a fussy newborn with the song most of the time, which is a prize worth more than rubies to a new parent.

He is roused by a heavy jolt. His mother has tripped and fallen heavily on one hip. He is much too well cushioned to experience any injury, but her pain and the fear that she may have hurt him floods both their bodies with adrenaline and other stress-related hormones. He cries and kicks vigorously, a cry never heard because there is no air to make sound. As she recovers the stress hormones ebb away, and he calms down too.

Which of the following is NOT mentioned about the unborn baby in the passage？

A．An unborn, baby can occasionally hear his father's voice.

B．De Casper's approach proved absolutely effective in a French experiment.

C．An unborn baby is able to identify the tone and rhythm of his native language.

D．Parents are able to soothe a fussy newly-born baby.