DISSENTER : DOGMA::A.profligate : doctrineB.patriot : convictionC.nonconformist: normD.opt
DISSENTER : DOGMA::
A.profligate : doctrine
B.patriot : conviction
C.nonconformist: norm
D.optimist : guide
E.barrister : reason
DISSENTER : DOGMA::
A.profligate : doctrine
B.patriot : conviction
C.nonconformist: norm
D.optimist : guide
E.barrister : reason
correlating variations in character with variations in external, craniological
signs, an approach that depended on three critical assumptions: that the size
and shape of the cranium reflected the size and shape of the underlying portions
(5) of the cerebrum, that mental abilities were innate and fixed, and that the
relative level of development of an innate ability was a reflection of the
inherited size of its cerebral organ. On these assumptions, an observed
correspondence between a particularly well-developed ability and a particularly
prominent area of the cranium could be interpreted as evidence of the functional
(10) localization of that ability in the correlative portion of the cerebrum.
Gall's approach was abandoned in favor of experiment, his conception of
fixed, innate faculties replaced by a dynamic, evolutionary view of mental
development, and his pivotal assumption concerning the relationship of brain to
cranial conformation rejected, but we cannot overestimate his importance in
(15) linking brain activity to specific cerebral anatomy. Gall's assumptions may have
been flawed, but not his scientific logic or rigorous empiricism. In postulating a
set of innate, mental traits inherited through the cerebral organ, Gall admitted
differences in aptitude among individuals and between species and thus deviated
from the tabula rasa view of Condillac.
(20) Even Gall's opponent, Flourens, was willing to admit that it was Gall who
established that the brain serves as the organ of mind. In other respects,
however, Flourens was highly critical of Gall, and soon provided the first
experimental demonstration of localization of function in the brain by employing
ablation to localize a motor center in the front of the brain and motor
(25) coordination in its rear. Although his treatment of sensation was still rather
confused, Flourens articulated a clear distinction between sensation and
perception and localized sensory function within the brain. But with respect to
the cerebrum, a successive slicing through the brain hemispheres produced
diffuse damage to all of the higher mental functions—to perception, intellect,
(30) and will—with the amount of damage varying only with the extent and not the
location of the lesion. Flourens thus concluded that while sensory-motor
functions are differentiated and localized sub-cortically, higher mental functions
such as perception, volition, and intellect are spread throughout the cerebrum,
operating together with the entire cerebrum functioning in a unitary fashion as
(35) their exclusive seat.
As Gall himself observed, ablation was not a method well-suited to the
discovery of cortical localization. Joined to a strong philosophical belief in a
unitary soul and an indivisible mind and an uncritical willingness to generalize
results from lower organisms to humans, Flourens's results led him to
(40) challenge Gall's efforts at localization and to formulate a theory of cerebral
homogeneity wherein, the cerebrum was the organ of a unitary mind which
could not be functionally differentiated to the extent Gall suggested.
The primary purpose of the passage is to
A.provide a biographical account of the experimental careers of two prominent neuroanatomists
B.examine the correlation between brain activity and consciousness from a neuroanatomical point of view
C.probe the relationship between philosophical views concerning the existence of the unitary soul and attempts to map the brain
D.compare the successes and failures of two different experimental methods in neuroanatomy
E.explore the genesis and evolution of early neuroanatomical theory of the localization of cognitive function
A.the colonial authority never sought to employ taxation in French Canada except as a means to retain a tenuous grip over British territory
B.the Crown acted unwisely by increasing taxation and diminishing its gift-giving policy following the conclusion of the Seven Year's War
C.Indian gift-giving and a reprieve from taxation were the sole means for the British of maintaining a territorial grip in French Canada
D.the British never intended to limit their authority in French Canada except as a short-term strategy of retaining territorial control
E.the colonial subjects in French Canada rejected British authority largely because they rescinded on the liberal policies implemented during the Seven Year's War
Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its content. After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.
Feminist critics have often pondered whether a postmodern language may
be articulated that obviates the essentialist arrogance of much modernist and
some feminist discourse and does not reduce feminism to silences or a purely
negative and reactionary stance. This ideal may be actualized in a discourse that
(5) recognizes itself as historically situated, as motivated by values and, thus,
political interests, and as a human practice without transcendent justification.
The author Dorothy Allison meets these criteria by focusing on women who have
been marginalized by totalizing forces and ideas, while simultaneously
reminding the reader, through the wide range of women that she portrays and
(10) their culpability in her protagonists' predicaments, that unlike pure and
transcendent heroes, women are real characters and morally complex. Allison
insists that humans are burdened with the responsibility of fashioning their own
stories, quotidian as they may be, and while these will never offer the solace of
transcendent justification, the constant negotiation between the word and the
(15) world avoids reticence on the one hand and the purely negative on the other.
It can be inferred from the passage that the author views the justification through literature as a concept that
A.derives from a negative stance toward feminism
B.predates the birth of postmodernism as a literary movement
C.encourages writers to tell humdrum stories
D.limits the construction of morally complex characters
E.contributes to the politicization and historical orientation of texts
A.Immutable from the point of its creation
B.Evolving from inherited trains to learned ones
C.The seat of the soul
D.Varying from individual to individual
E.Initially free of attributes
A.In what tradition do feminist critics usually place Dorothy Allison?
B.What are the main themes found in the fiction of Dorothy Allison's post-modern contemporaries?
C.What political values does Allison attempt to address through her fiction?
D.What views does Allison hold concerning the production of narratives of the commonplace in women's literature?
E.How was the development of Allison's fiction affected by the arrogance of modernist essentialism?
A.depict accurately
B.perceive incidentally
C.move vigorously
D.conform. easily
E.perform. resolutely
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