生产者（producers)

假设政府规定商品的最低价格，这会使生产者整体的处境恶化吗？请加以解释。

Suppose the government regulates the price of a good to be no lower than some minimum level.Can such a minimum price make producers as a whole worse off？ Explain.

(1)国内价格将是多少？

(2)国内生产者和消费者的损益各为多少？

(3)对无谓损失和国外生产者会产生什么影响？

Example 9.5 (page 308 ) describes the effects of the sugar quota. In 2005 , imports were limited to 5.3 billion pounds , which pushed the domestic price to 27 cents per pound. Suppose imports were expanded to 10 billion pounds.

a What would be the new U. S. domestic price？

b. How much would consumers gain and domestic producers lose？

c. What would be the effect on deadweight loss and foreign producers？

对外国石油每桶征税5美元，国内石油的价格会发生什么变化？

The United States imports about half of its petroleum needs.Suppose that the rest of the oil producers are willing to supply as much oil as the United States want sates constant price of $ 25 a barrel.What would happen to the price of domestic oil if a tax of $ 5 a barrel were placed on foreign oil？

产品的实际成本而非政府决定的价格作为决策的基础；可以使生产者和消费者得以从狭窄的国内市场的束缚中解脱出来；可以为企业家开辟一块全新的天地；最重要的是，有助于净化国内政坛。”请分别讨论以上陈述中赞成自由贸易的每个论据。

“For a small country like the Philippines，a move to free trade would have huge advantages．It would let consumers and producers make their choices based on the real costs of goods，not artificial prices determined by government policy；it would allow escape from the confines of a narrow domestic market；it would open new horizons for entrepreneurship；and，most important，it would help to clean up domestic politics．”Separate out and identify the arguments for free trade in this statement．

价值1美元的生产者所得相当于2美元的消费者所得或政府收益。试计算对每单位进口产品征收5个单位的关税给政府目标带来的影响。

Suppose that demand and supply are exactly as described in problem 3 but there is no marginal social benefit to production．However，for political reasons the government counts a dollar's worth of gain to producers as being worth ＄2 of either consumer gain or government revenue．Calculate the effects on the government's objective of tariff of 5 per unit．

他一些国家情况却不同。例如在德国，优惠券是非法行为。

(1)禁止在德国使用优惠券是改善了还是恶化了德国消费者的境况？

(2)禁止在德国使用优惠券是改善了还是恶化了德国生产者的境况？

In Example 11. 1 we saw how producers of processed foods and related consumer goods use coupons as a means of price discrimination. Although coupons are widely used in the United States, that is not the case in other countries. In Germany , coupons are illegal.

a Does prohibiting the use of coupons in Germany make German consumers better off or worse off？

b. Does prohibiting the use of coupons make German producers better off or worse off？

A、生产者：P(Empty); P(Mutex); …; V(Mutex); V(Full) 消费者：P(Full); P(Mutex); …; V(Mutex); V(Empty)

B、生产者：P(Mutex); P(Empty); …; V(Mutex); V(Full) 消费者：P(Full)：P(Mutex); …; V(Mutex); V(Empty)

C、生产者：P(Empty); P(Mutex); …; V(Mutex); V(Full) 消费者：P(Mutex); P(Full); …; V(Mutex); V(Empty

D、A、B、C均不正确

下列关于生产者消费者的叙述中，哪一个是正确的？

A.生产者往缓冲区放产品前要先使用P操作确保缓冲区有空闲槽

B.生产者往缓冲区放产品前要先使用V操作确保缓冲区有空闲槽

C.消费者从缓冲区取产品前要先用P操作确保缓冲区互斥使用

D.生产者往缓冲区放产品前要先用P操作确保缓冲区互斥使用