题目内容
（请给出正确答案）
A．真
B．假
C．NOT GIVEN
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更多“Female participation in the economy is lower in Japan than in most other developed economi”相关的问题
Higher female participation in an economy always leads to greater economic growth.
A．真
B．假
C．NOT GIVEN
Why do women have less job experience on average than men？
A．Because female labor-force participation has increased over the past several decades.
B．Because women are likely to interrupt their careers to raise children.
C．Because great changes have taken place over the past several decades.
D．Both A and B
A．Women were unlikely to work outside the home even in occupations whose hourse were flexible enough to allow women to accommodate domestic tasks as well as paid labor.
B．Parents were less likely to teach occupational skills to their daughters than they were to their sons.
C．Women’s participation in the Florentine paid labor force grew steadily throughout the xisteenth and seventeenth centuries.
D．The vast amjority of female weavers in the Florenine wool industry had children.
E．Few women worked as weavers in the Florentine silk industry, which was devoted to making cloths that requried a high degree of skill to produce.
Female Managers' Interactive Leadership
When women do become managers, do they bring a different style. and different skills to the job？ Are they better, or worse, managers than men？ Are women more highly motivated(工作积极,有动力)and _____(1) than mate managers？
Some research _____(2) the idea that women bring different attitudes and skills to management jobs, such as greater cooperativeness(合作精神), an emphasis on affiliation (联系) and attachment(忠诚), and a_____(3) to bring emotional factors to bear in making workplace decisions．These differences are _____(4) to carry advantages for companies, _____(5) they expand(扩展)the range of techniques that can be used to_____ (6)the company manage its workforce _____(7).
A study commissioned by the International Women's Forum _____ (8) a management
style. used by some women, managers (and also by some men) that _____(9) from the
command-and-control style_____ (10) used by mate managers．Using this “interactive leadership”approach,“women_____(11) participation, share power and information,_____(12) other people's self-worth, and get others excited about their work．All these things reflect their belief that allowing_____ (13) to contribute(贡献)and to feel_____ (14) and important is a win-win_____ (15) - good for the employees and the organization．” The study's director predicted that “interactive leadership may emerge as the management style of choice for many organizations．”
第 51 题
A．confronted
B．commanded
C．confined
D．committed
There were, however, differences in pay scales that cannot be explained by the human capitaltheory. For example, male construction workers were paid significantly higher wage than femaletaffeta weavers. The wage difference between these two low-skill occupations stems from thesegregation of labor by gender: because a limited number of occupations were open to women,there was a large supply of workers in their fields, and this “overcrowding” resulted in womenreceiving lower wages and men receiving higher wages.
The passage suggests that combing and carding differ from weaving in that combing and carding are______
A．low-skill jobs performed by primarily by women employees
B．low-skill jobs that were not perfomed in the home
C．low-skill jobs performed by both male and female employees
D．high-skill jobs performed outside the home
E．high-skill jobs performed by both male and female employees
In recent decades it has become clear that for a distinct minority of American women the traditional mother role in the seclusion of the home is no longer acceptable. For many the family is of diminishing importance. The development of education for women has been a crucial factor in this change. Today, over 80% of all women complete four years of high school as compared to only 35% in 1940. This is related to the fact that marriage now occurs a year later for the average woman. The proportion of women aged 20 to 24 who are single increased from 28% in 1969 to 40% by the mid 1970s. Childbearing is being postponed so that, compared to the 1960s, 10% fewer women bear their first child in the two years immediately following marriage. Furthermore, more women today remain childless. Work, older age at marriage, and fewer children are the basic changes that have taken place in women's roles in recent years.
The trend among women is toward increased education, and this is linked to other role changes. The higher a woman's educational attainment, the more likely she is to work, to stay in the labour force longer, and to have more job opportunities available to her. This further suggests that when women are married their work has a great impact on their marriage. For example, since working wives contribute 25% to 40% of their total family income, their position as decision-makers in the family is usually strengthened. A sociologist points out that the social trends towards increased education for women not only mean more work experience but also delayed marriage and decreased fertility. These changes, in turn, point the way toward even greater labour force participation throughout the life cycle.
The number of women entering the work force is rapidly increasing. Women outnumber men in the total population by about 7 million. When that is added to the fact that labour force participation of males is slowly declining because of the trend toward earlier retirement, "it may not be too long before one out every two American workers is a woman."
What can NOT be inferred from the first paragraph？
A．The wife has become the key to strong emotional ties in a family.
B．A wife's or mother's changing role in turn is changing her family members' roles.
C．The changing role of the wife has had great impact on her psychologically and emotionally.
D．The female was inferior to the male in every respect.
Section B
Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.
听力原文： In 1966, the Third National Conference on the Status of Women reported that, aside from having the vote, women were discriminated against in almost every other aspect of American life. It became apparent to a small group of delegates to the conference that the only way to bring about change was to form. an organization of their own. And so the National Organization for Women(NOW)was born. The first meeting was held later that same year and attracted three hundred men and women form. all parts of the country. It was the first effort to bring people together on the national level to work on equal opportunities for the female population. Since then, the National Organization for Women has grown to a membership of 100,000 and has over seven hundred chapters worldwide. NOW has helped to bring about important changes in attitudes toward women and to give them new political, economic and social rights. Although there are still areas in which women are looked down upon, they generally agree that more choices are open to them today than ever before. This is nowhere more apparent that in their participation in the workforce. In the United States, more than one-half of the women over sixteen work, and more than ever they are filling the so-called "men-only jobs". Women are choosing to become auto mechanics, police officers, and ministers. Even though these jobs bring with them a great degree of satisfaction, they often create a unique set of circumstances.
(27)
A．Because it was the only way to bring about changes.
B．Because it offered more opportunities for jobs.
C．Because women did not have votes.
D．Because it was a sign Lo show that women have equal rights.
In fact, human capital is probably even more important in explaining wage differentials than the foregoing numbers suggest. For many years, public schools in predominantly black areas have been of lower quality than public schools in predominantly white areas. Similarly, for many years, schools directed girls away from science and math courses, even though these subjects may have greater value in the marketplace than some of the alternatives. If we could measure the quality as well as the quality of education, the differences in human capital among these groups would seem even larger. Human capital acquired in the form. of job experience can also help explain wage differences. In particular, women tend to have less job experience on average than men. One reason is that female labor-force participation has increased over the past seven decades. Because of this historic change, the average female worker today is younger than the average male worker. In addition, women are more likely to interrupt their careers to raise children. For both reasons, the experience of the average female worker is less than the experience of the average male worker.
Yet another source of wage differences is compensating differentials. Some analysts have suggested that women take more pleasant jobs on average than men and this fact explains some of the earnings differential between men and women. For example, women are more likely to be secretaries, and men are more likely to be truck drivers. The relative wages of secretaries and truck drivers depend in part on the working conditions of each job. Because these nonmonetary aspects are hard to measure, it is difficult to gauge the practical importance of compensating differentials in explaining the wage difference that we observe.
In the end, the study of wage differences among groups does not establish any clear conclusion about the prevalence of discrimination in U.S. labor markets. Most economists believe that some of the observed wage differentials are attributable to discrimination, but there is no consensus about how much. The only conclusion about which economists are in consensus is a negative one: Because the differences in average wages among groups in part reflect differences in human capita
A．Even in a labor market freedom is valued, different people have different wages.
B．Even in a labor market full of discrimination, different people have different wages.
C．Even in a labor market with discrimination, different people have different wages.
D．Even in a labor market without discrimination, different people have different wages.
In addition, both Fuchs and Sanborn have suggested that the effect of discrimination by consumers on the earnings of self-employed women may be greater than the effect of either government or private employer discrimination on the earnings of women employees. To test this hypothesis, Brown selected a large sample of white male and female workers from the 1970 census and divided them into three categories: private employees, government employees, and self-employed. (Black workers were excluded from the sample to avoid picking up earnings differentials that were the result of racial disparities.) Brown's research design controlled for education, labor-force participation, mobility, motivation, and age in order to eliminate these factors as explanations of the study's results. Brown's results suggest that men and women are not treated the came by employers and consumers. For men, self-employment is the highest earnings category, with private employment next, and government lowest. For women, this order is reversed.
One can infer from Brown's results that consumers discriminate against self-employed women. In addition, self-employed women may have more difficulty than men in getting good employees and may encounter discrimination from suppliers and from financial institutions.
Brown's results are clearly consistent with Fuchs' argument that discrimination by consumers has a greater impact on the earnings of women than does discrimination by either government or private employers. Also, the fact the women do better working for government than for private employers implies that private employers are discriminating against women. The results do not prove that government does not discriminate against women. They do, however, demonstrate that if government is discriminating against women, its discriminating is not having as much effect on women's earnings as is discrimination in the private sector.
The passage mentions all of the following difficulties that self-employed women may encounter EXCEPT ______.
A．discrimination from consumers and suppliers
B．discrimination from financial institutions
C．problems from financial institutions
D．problems in obtaining government assistance
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