Shyness may be indicated by ______.

In Paragraph 11, why did the author cite psychologist Dr. Robert Wests comments？

A．To indicate that selected music may both improve and distract driving.

B．To prove carefully selected music only benefits those in the high risk group.

C．To show that Mantovani benefits young male drivers when they are on the move.

D．To give evidence that it is hard to persuade young male drivers to listen to Mantovani.

ons in ways that interfere with enjoyment or that cause avoidance of social contacts altogether. It can vary from mild feelings to moderately uncomfortable in social circumstances to debilitating levels of anxiety that interfere in children with the process of socialization. Shyness is a personality trait that affects a child's temperament. Some infants are born shy and more sensitive. Some of them are quiet when new people enter a room. A shy baby might sink his head into his mother's shoulder, while a baby who is outgoing might smile or squeal with delight when someone new visits. Some children may feel shy in certain situations, like when meeting new people. Other children may learn to be shy because of experiences in school or at home. As of 2004, research tended to distinguish shyness from introversion. Introverts simply prefer solitary to social activities but do not fear social encounters as shy people do.

Evidence suggests a genetic component to shyness. Studies on the biological basis of shyness have shown that shyness in adults can often be traced as far back ns the age of three. A Harvard study of two-year olds showed that, even at that age, widely different personality types can be recognized: roughly 25 percent of children are bold, sociable, and spontaneous regardless of the novelty of the situation, while 20 percent are shy and restrained in new situations. The remaining 55 percent of newborns fall between the extremes of shyness and boldness. These two basic temperaments were also recognized in studies examining infants as young as four months old. As children grow, their shy temperament tends to display itself in predictable ways: for example, in play groups at age seven, shy children play by themselves, while more outgoing children seek to play together in groups. Evidence of a genetic predisposition for shyness is found in parents and grandparents of shy infants who report childhood shyness more often than relatives of children who are not shy. Further evidence for a congenital link to shyness is found In studies that show that identical twins (who have identical genes) are more likely to be shy than fraternal twins (who are no more alike than other siblings).

Research shows, however, that 25 percent of the time genetic predisposition to shyness does not develop into shyness. Some researchers believe that a shy temperament may require environmental triggers, such as insecurity of attachment in the form. of difficult relationships with parents, family conflict or chaos, frequent criticism, a dominating older sibling, or a stressful school environment.

Research has also identified a strong cultural link to shyness. In the United States, shyness surveys typically show that shyness is highest among Asian Americans and lowest among Jewish Americans. Using culturally sensitive adaptations of the Stanford Shyness Inventory, researchers in eight countries administered the inventory to groups of 18 to 21 year olds. Results showed that a large proportion of participants in all cultures reported experiencing shyness to a considerable degree--from 31 percent in Israel to 57 percent in Japan. in Mexico, Germany, India, and Canada, shyness levels were close to the U. S. figure of 40 percent. In all countries, shyness is perceived as more negative than positive, with 60 percent or more considering shyness to be a problem. There is no gender difference in reported shyness, but males tend to conceal their shyness because it is considered a feminine Wait in most countries. For example, in Mexico, males report shyness less often than females do.

When shyness is intense, it can often lead to social anxiety disorder or to avoidant personality disorder, both characterized by the avoidance of interpersonal contacts accompanied by significant fears of embarrass

A．discomfort in social situations

B．the preference for loneliness

C．being sensitive

D．fear social encounters

听力原文： Are you afraid to raise your hand in class, even when you definitely know the answer？ If you are, most people would say that you're of a shy character. If you feel slay, you're not alone. Nine out of ten people are at least a little shy. (29) But however shy you are, scientific evidence seems to show that it isn't your fault, You may have been born that way. To some degree, everybody is shy.

(30) How do psychologists measure shyness？ One of their ways is by observation. They keep detailed records of people's actions—like how often these people speak to others or how long it takes someone to say hello to a stranger. Another way to measure shyness is to ask people questions. The test only takes about 10 minutes. It asks questions like "Do you like going out a lot？", "Do you feel at ease in a strange environment？" and "Do you have many friends？" People must answer either yes or no. (31) The questions are used to predict how people actually behave in real social situations. Suppose the test tells you that someone is shy, chances are good that that person will act shy. When scientists measure shyness, they're really comparing degrees of shyness. In other words，when researchers say people are shy, they really mean they are shyer than others.

29. Why does the speaker say that it isn't a fault to be shy？

30.What is one of the ways suggested by psychologists for measuring shyness？

31.What is the purpose of the psychologists in asking questions？

(4)

A．Because many people don't like social situations.

B．Because most people may be shy by nature.

C．Because nobody will laugh at you for being shy.

D．Because shyness is difficult to overcome.

听力原文： Shyness is the cause of much unhappiness for a great many people. (32)Shy people are anxious and self-conscious; that is, they are over-concerned with their own appearance and actions. Worrisome thoughts are Am I wearing unattractive clothes？ It is obvious that such uncomfortable feelings must affect people unfavorably. And a person's self concept is reflected in the way he or she behaves and the way a person behaves affects other people's reactions(33)In general, the way people think about themselves has a deep effect on all areas of their lives. Shy people are likely to be passive and easily influenced by others. They need reassurance that they are doing "the right thing". Shy people are very sensitive to criticism. It makes them feel inferior. They also find it difficult to be pleased by praises because they believe they are unworthy of praise.(34) A shy person may respond to a praise with a statement like this one："You're just saying that to make me feel good. I know it's not true." It of, or at least reduced？(35)Fortunately, people can overcome shyness with determination. It is important for people to accept their weaknesses as well as their strengths, for example, not fair for them to label themselves inferior because they have to be realistic.

(33)

A．Their own appearance and actions.

B．Their feelings about others.

C．The reactions to others' words.

D．Their worrisome thoughts.

听力原文： Today we're going to talk about shyness and discuss recent research on ways to help children learn to get along with others socially.

Many people consider themselves shy. In fact, forty percent of people who took part in our survey said they were shy--that's two out of every five people. And there are studies to indicate that the tendency toward shyness may be inherited. But certain timid children doesn't mean that they are bound to be shy forever. There is something parents, teachers, and the children themselves can do to overcome this tendency--and even to prevent it.

Our researchers found that if parents gently push their shy children to try new things, they can help these children become less afraid and less inhibited. Another way to help shy children is to train them in social skills. For example, there are special training programs where children are taught things like looking at other children while talking to them, talking about others' interests, and even smiling.

These groups have been very successful in giving shy children a place to feel safe and accepted, and building up their self-esteem.

(33)

A．Showing children how to behave.

B．Helping children overcome shyness.

C．Several causes of children's shyness.

D．How timid children become shy adults.

nd selfconscious; that is, they are excessively concerned with their own appearance and actions. Worrisome thoughts axe constantly occurring in their minds: What kind of impression am I making？ Do they like me？ Do I sound stupid？ Am I wearing unattractive clothes？

It is obvious that such uncomfortable feelings must affect people adversely. A person's self-concept is reflected in the way he or she behaves, and the way a person behaves affects other people's reactions. In general, the way people think about themselves has a profound effect on all areas of their lives.

Shy people, having low self-esteem, are. likely to be passive and easily influenced by others. They need reassurance that they are doing "the right thing". Shy people are very sensitive to criticism; they feel it confirms their inferiority. They also find it difficult to be pleased by compliments because they believe they are unworthy, of praise. A shy person may respond to a compliment with a statement like this one: "You're just saying that to make me feel good. I know it's not true." It is clear that, while self awareness is a healthy quality, overdoing it is harmful.

Can shyness be completely eliminated, or at least reduced？ Fortunately, people can overcome shyness with determined and patient effort in building self-confidence. Since shyness goes hand in hand with lack of self-esteem, it is important for people to accept their weaknesses as well as their strengths. For example, most people would like to he "A" students in every subject. It is not fair for them to label themselves inferior because they have difficulty in some areas. People's expectations of themselves must be realistic. Living on the impossible leads to a sense of inadequacy.

Each one of us is a unique, worthwhile individual. We are interested in our own personal ways. The better we understand ourselves, the easier it becomes to live up to our full potential. Let's not allow shyness to block our chances for a rich and fulfilling life.

The first paragraph is mainly about______.

A．the characteristics of shy people

B．the cause of shyness

C．the questions in the minds of shy people

D．the effect of shyness on people

nd self-conscious; that is, they are excessively concerned with their own appearance and actions. Worrisome thoughts are constantly occurring in their minds: What kind of impression am I making？ Do they like me？ Do I sound stupid？ Am I wearing unattractive clothes？

It is obvious that such uncomfortable feelings must affect people adversely. A person's self- concept is reflected in the way he or she behaves, and the way a person behaves affects other people's reactions. In general, the way people think about themselves has a great effect on all areas of their lives.

Shy people, having low self-esteem, are likely to be passive and easily influenced by others. They need reassurance (放心) that they are doing "the right thing". Shy people are very sensitive to criticism; they feel it confirms their inferiority (自卑). They also find it difficult to be pleased by compliments (赞扬) because they believe they are unworthy of praise. A shy person may respond to a compliment with a statement like this one, "You're just saying that to make me feel good. I know it's not true." It is clear that, while self-awareness is a healthy quality, overdoing it is harmful.

Can shyness be completely eliminated (消除), or at least reduced？ Fortunately, people can overcome shyness with determined and patient effort in building self-confidence. Since shyness goes hand in hand with lack of self-esteem, it is important for people to accept their weaknesses as well as their strengths.People's expectations of themselves must be realistic. Living on the impossible leads to a sense of inadequacy.

Each one of us is a unique, worthwhile individual. We are interested in our own personal ways. The better we understand ourselves, the easier it becomes to live up to our full potential. Let's not allow shyness to block our chances for a rich and fulfilling life.

The first paragraph is mainly about ______.

A．the characteristics of shy people

B．the cause of shyness

C．the questions in the minds of shy people

D．the effect of shyness on people

nd self-conscious; that is, they are excessively concerned with their own appearance and actions. What kind of impression am I making？ Do they like me？ Do I sound stupid？ Am I wearing unattractive clothes？

It is obvious that such uncomfortable feelings must affect people adversely. A person's self-concept is reflected in the way he or she behaves, and the way a person behaves affects other people's reactions. In general, the way people think about themselves has a profound effect on all areas of their lives.

Shy people, having low self-esteem, are likely to be passive and easily influenced by others, They need reassurance that they are doing "the right thing". Shy people are very sensitive to criticism; they feel it confirms their inferiority. They also find it difficult to be pleased by compliments because they believe they are unworthy of praise; a shy person may respond to a compliment with a statement like this one: "You're just saying that to make me feel good. I know it's not true." It is clear that, while self-awareness is a healthy quality, overdoing it is harmful.

Can shyness be completely eliminated, or at least reduced？ Fortunately, people can overcome shyness with determined and patient effort in building self-confidence. Since shyness goes hand in hand with lack of self-esteem, it is important for people to accept their weaknesses as well as their strengths. For example, most people would like to be "A" students in every subject. It is not fair for them to label themselves inferior because they have difficulty in some areas. People's expectations of themselves must be realistic. Living on the impossible leads to a sense of inadequacy.

Each one of us is a unique, worthwhile individual. We are interested in our own personal ways. The better we understand ourselves, the easier it becomes to live up to our full potential Let's not allow shyness to block our chances for a rich and fulfilling life.

The first paragraph is mainly about ______.

A．the characteristics of shy people

B．the cause of shyness

C．the questions in the minds of shy people

D．the effect of shyness on people

听力原文： Are you afraid to raise your hand in class, even when you know the answer？ If you are, most people would say that you're shy.

If you feel shy, you're not alone. Nine out of ten people are at least a little shy. But however shy you are, evidence seems to show that it isn't your fault. You may have been born that way.

How do psychologists measure shyness？ One way is by observation. They keep detailed records of people's actions—like how often these people speak to others, or how long it takes someone to say hello to a stranger.

Another way to measure shyness is to ask people questions. The test only takes about 10 minutes. It asks questions like "Do you like going out a lot？" and "Do you have many friends？" people must answer either yes or no. These questions can predict how people actually behave in social situations.

Suppose the test tells you that someone is sky. Chances are good that that person will act shy.

When Scientists measure shyness ,they're ally comparing degrees of shyness. In other words, when researchers say people are shy, they really mean they are more shy than others.

(29)

A．Because many people don't know how to behave in social situations.

B．Because most people are shy by nature.

C．Nobody will laugh at you for being shy.

D．Shyness is difficult to overcome.

nd self-conscious; that is, they are excessively concerned with their own appearance and actions. Worrisome thoughts are constantly occurring in their minds: What kind of impression am I making？ Do they like me？ Do I sound stupid？ Am I wearing unattractive clothes？

It is obvious that such uncomfortable feeling must affect people adversely. A person's self-concept is reflected in the way he or she behaves, and the way a person behaves affects other people’s reactions. In general, the way people think about themselves has a profound effect on all areas of their live.

Shy people, having low self-esteem, are likely to be passive and easily influenced by others. They need reassurance that they are doing "the right thing". Shy people are very sensitive to criticism: they feel it confirms their inferiority. They also find it difficult to be pleased by compliments because they believe they are unworthy of praise. A shy person may respond to a compliment with a statement like this one: "You're just saying that to make me feel good. I know it’s not true." It is clear that, while self-awareness is a healthy quality, overdoing it is harmful.

Can shyness be completely eliminated, or at least reduced？ Fortunately, people can overcome shyness with determined and patient effort in building self-confidence. Since shyness goes hand in hand with lack of self-esteem, it is important, for people to accept their weakness as well as their strengths. For example, most people would like to be "A" students in every subject. It is not fair for them to label themselves inferior because they have difficulty in some area. People’s expectations of themselves must be realistic. Living on the impossible leads to a sense of inadequacy.

Each one of us is a unique, worthwhile individual. We are interested in our own personal ways. The better we understand ourselves, the easier it becomes to live up to our full potential. Let's not'allow shyness to block our chances for a rich and fulfilling life.

The first paragraph is mainly about _________.

A．the characteristics of shy people

B．the cause of shyness

C．the questions in the minds of shy people

D．the effect of shyness on people