题目内容
（请给出正确答案）
A.kidney
B.intestine
C.brain
D.liver
E.heart
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更多“The major organ for urea synthesis is”相关的问题
A、Cadaveric donors
B、Living donors
C、Alternative organ donors
D、Family members
According to the passage, which of the following statement is NOT true？
A．AIM chiefly organized the 1972 "Trail of Broken Treaties".
B．The next major AIM action was the 1973 occupation of the town of Wounded Knee, the site of a bad-reputation massacre of Native Americans by U.S. troops in 1890.
C．AIM began to splinter apart during 1970s.
D．The 1990s have seen a severe revival of the organization.
Bone marrow or stem-cell transplants are usually a last resort, intended for those whose illnesses have not responded to traditional treatments such as chemotherapy or radiation. How do they work？ We all store a special type of cell in our bone marrow called stem cells. These primitive cells give rise to the three types of blood cells: red, white and platelets. Everyone's stem cells have certain genetic characteristics or markers that make them unique from others. Despite this uniqueness, there are some shared characteristics between people. This is important, because a patient's immune system will reject blood or organs received from someone else if they do not share sufficient similarities.
Family members, especially siblings, are always the first to be considered as donors, because there's a greater chance that the genetic markers on their cells will have enough in common to prevent rejection after transplantation. In many cases, however, a familial match can't be found and then the search begins for an unrelated donor. These donors typically come from a pool of people who have already signed up on a donor registry in the event that their cells match a needy recipient.
Once the lab has verified a match between donor and recipient, the next phase starts. The patient is given radiation or chemotherapy to kill the unhealthy cells. Healthy cells are harvested from the donor — either extracted from the pelvic bones or taken from the arm in a way that is similar to having blood drawn — and prepared in a laboratory. Once they're ready, they're given to the patient through a vein — the same way as one would receive a blood transfusion. Once these transplanted donor cells get settled within the patient's bone marrow, they make the healthy red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets necessary to support life.
One of the major problems currently faced by transplant centers is that while bonemarrow transplants can cure more than 70 different diseases, there aren't enough donors on the registry to treat the more than 3,000 patients awaiting transplants. The National Marrow Donor Program, the largest registry in the country, has approximately 4.8 million adult volunteer donors, but that isn't nearly enough for the thousands who need transplants.
Why isn't a pool of more than 4 million donors isn't enough to cover 3,000 needy patients？ Here's the reason: in the vast-majority of cases, finding a suitable match isn't easy. Because we are unique individuals with a variety of ancestral backgrounds and integration patterns, finding someone similar to us is a major task. In the end, it comes down to a numbers game — the more potential donors listed on the registry, the greater a chance of finding a match, especially for those with unusual genetic characteristics.
The shared genetic characteristic of stem cells is important in bone marrow transplant because ______.
A．the same primitive cells can produce the same type of blood cells
B．one's immune system will reject the blood or organ of different genetic markers
C．one's immune system will not reject the organ of the same type of blood cells
D．the uniqueness of genetic characteristics will destroy the patient's immune system
Spare a Kidney？
It is no longer unusual for a spouse or relative to donate a kidney to a loved one, but the number of Americans who have given a kidney to a friend, a co-worker or even a complete stranger has risen sharply from 68 in 1994 to 176 in 1998.
There are many reasons. First, it's possible to live a normal life with only one kidney. (The remaining kidney enlarges to make up most of the difference.) in addition a kidney from a live donor lasts longer than a kidney taken from someone who has died suddenly. But the biggest change in the past few years is that transplant surgeons have started using laparoscopic techniques to remove the donor kidney through a much smaller incision, and this can cut recovery time for the donor from six weeks to four weeks.
Just because you can do something, however, it doesn't mean you should. Donating a kidney means undergoing an operation that carries some risk. You could argue that you may be helping to save a life, but you certainly can't pretend that you're better off with one kidney instead of two.
So, what are the risks？ "As with any major operation, there is a chance of dying, of reoperation due to bleeding, of infection, of vein clots in the legs or a hernia at the incision," says Dr. Arthur Matas, director of the renal-transplant program at the University of Minnesota Medical Center in Minneapolis. Even laparoscopy, a relatively new technique for kidney donation, is not risk-free. Doctors estimate that chances of dying from the procedure are about 3 in 10,000.
There's no money to be made; selling an organ is illegal. But the recipient's insurance normally covers your operation and immediate aftercare. Your costs can include hotel bills, lost pay during recovery or possible future disability.
Although transplant centers must evaluate any potential donor's suitability, it never hurts to have an independent opinion. The most common contraindications are heart disease, diabetes and high blood pressure.
Never let anyone, not even a close relative, pressure you into giving up an organ -- no matter if you're healthy. "There's often the feeling that you're not a good friend, father, mother if you don't do this," says Arthur Caplan, director of the University of Pennsylvania's Center for Bioethics. Some transplant centers will invent a "medical problem" on behalf of those who are reluctant to donate but feel they can't say no.
From 1994 to 1998 the number of Americans who had donated a kidney reached 244.
A．Right
B．Wrong
C．Not Mentioned
Spare a Kidney？
It is no longer unusual for a spouse or relative to donate a kidney t0 a loved one, but the number of Americans who have given a kidney to a friend, a co-worker or even a complete stranger has risen sharply from 68 in 1994 to 176 in 1998.
There are many reasons. First, it's possible to live a normal life with only one kidney. (The remaining kidney enlarges to make up most of the difference.)In addition a kidney from a live donor lasts longer than a kidney taken from someone who has died suddenly. But the biggest change in the past few years is that transplant surgeons have started using 1aparoscopic techniques to remove the donor kidney through a much smaller incision, and this can cut recovery time for the donor from six weeks to four weeks.
Just because you do something, however, it doesn't mean you should, Donating a kidney means under- going an operation that carries some risk. You could argue that you may be helping to save a life, but you certainly can't pretend that you're better off with one kidney instead of two.
So, what are the risks？ “As with any major operation, there is a chance of dying, of reoperation due to bleeding，Of infection，Of vein clots in the legs Or a hernia at the incision，”says Dr．Arthur Matas，director of the renal-transplant program at the university of Minnesota Medical Center in Minneapolis. Even laparoscopy, a relatively new technique for kidney donation, is not risk-free. Doctors estimate that chances of dying from the procedure are about 3 in 10,000.
There's no money to be made; selling an organ is illegal. But the recipient's insurance normally covers your operation and immediate aftercare. Your costs can include hotel bills, lost pay during recovery or possible future disability.
Although transplant centers must evaluate any potential donor's suitability, it never hurts to have an independent opinion. The most common contraindications(禁忌征候)are heart disease, diabetes and high blood pressure.
Never let anyone, not even a close relative, pressure you into giving up an organ—no matter if you're healthy. "There's often the feeling that you're not a good friend, father, mother if you don't do this," says Arthus Caplan, director of the University of Pennsylvania's center for Bioethics. Some transplant centers will invent a "medical problem" on behalf of those who are reluctant to donate but feel they can't say no.
16. From 1994 to 1998 the number of Americans who had donated a kidney reached 2419.
A．Right
B．Wrong
C．Not mentioned
Which of the following can best sum up the passage？
A．Legal and ethical problems of organ transplantation.
B．Some underlying principles on organ transplantation.
C．The diagnosis of death before organ transplantation.
D．The difference between compulsory postmortem exam and organ transplantation.
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