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提问人：网友chenymxn 发布时间：2022-01-07

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For most of human history, the dominant concerns about energy have centered on the benefit

side. Inadequacy of energy resources of the technologies for harvesting, converting, and distributing those resources has meant insufficient energy benefits to human beings and hence inconvenience, and constraints on its growth. The 1970's, then, represented a turning point. Energy was seen to be getting costlier in all respects. It began to be believable that excessive energy costs could pose threats on a par with those of insufficient supply. It also became possible to think that expanding some forms of energy supply could create costs exceeding the benefits.

The crucial question at the beginning of the 1990's is whether the trend that began in the 1970's will prove to be temporary or permanent. Is the era of cheap energy really over, or will a combination of new resources, new technology and changing geopolitics bring it back？ One key determinant of the answer is the staggering scale of energy demand brought forth by 100 years of population growth and industrial demand.

Except for the huge pool of oil underlying the Middle East, the cheapest oil and gas are already gone. Even if a few more giant oil fields are discovered, they will make little difference against consumption on today's scale. Oil and gas will have to come increasingly, for most countries, from deeper in the earth and from imports whose reliability and afford-ability cannot be guaranteed.

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更多“For most of human history, the dominant concerns about energy have centered on the benefit”相关的问题

第1题

听力原文：Hi, I'm Mark Spender from Human Resources. I will be taking you on a tour of our

facilities, starting at the shop floor in this building. As you can see, this is where our company's products are made. Up ahead is the Delivery section from where our products go out into the market. On the first floor we have the Accounting section. Let's now go into Human Resources to collect your employee identification badges. Once you've received the badges, we'll go into the cafeteria for a cup of coffee, and I'll be happy to answer any questions that you may have.

Who most likely are the listeners？

A．Security personnel.

B．Visitors to a city.

C．New employees.

D．Clients.

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第2题

听力原文：A（man): Hi, Mice. I hear that you are planning to have a dog in your house. Is th

听力原文：A(man): Hi, Mice. I hear that you are planning to have a dog in your house. Is that true？

B(woman): Yeah. But I am not so sure now. I'd love to have one because I think dogs are good companions.

A: Sure. I think most people have had a dog or wanted one as their companion at some time in their byes. If you are thinking of buying a dog, you should first decide what sort of companion you need and whether the dog is likely to be happy in the surroundings you can provide.

B: So. What's you advice？

A: Specialist advice is available to help you choose the most suitable breed of dog. But in part, the decision depends on common sense. Most breeds were originally developed to perform. specific tasks. So, if you want a dog to protect you or your house, for example, you should choose a breed that has the right size and characteristics.

B: I have not decided yet, you know. I just thought dogs are lovely and they will do things you want them to do.

A: That's half true. You must be ready to devote a good deal of time to train the dog when it is young and give it the exercise it needs throughout its life. Dogs are demanding pets. The best time to buy a baby-dog is when it is between 6 and 8 weeks old so that it can transfer its affection from its mother to its master. If baby dogs have not established a relationship with the human being until they are over three months old, their strong relationship will always be with dogs. They are likely to be too shy when they are brought out into the world to become good pets.

B: Thank you so much for bring such valuable advice, Tom. I think I am readier than before to have my own dog now.

Why does the woman want to have a dog？

A．Because she is lonely.

B．Because she loves to protect a pet.

C．Because she thinks dogs are good companions.

D．Because she just lost one dog.

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第3题

听力原文：W: Hi, Professor Smith. I hear you've written a book titled Visions.M: Yes. It ex

听力原文：W: Hi, Professor Smith. I hear you've written a book titled Visions.

M: Yes. It explains how science will revolutionize the 21st century.

W: Could I ask you some questions concerning the book？

M: Sure!

W: Are you optimistic about the future？

M: Generally, yeah! If we go back to the year of 1900, (22) most Americans didn't live beyond on the age of 50. Since then, we've had improvements in health care and technology. There's no reason why this won't continue far into the 21st century.

W: Are we ready for the changes that will come？

M: Changes are already happening. The future is here now. We have DNA, micro-chips, the internet. Some people's reaction is to say we are too old, we don't understand your technology. (23) My reaction is to say we must educate people to use new technology now.

W: Is world population going to be a big problem？

M: Yes and no. (24) I think that world population will stop increasing as we all get richer. If you are part of the middle class, you don't want or need twelve children.

W: Will there be a world government？

M: Very probably. We have to manage the world and the resources on the global level because countries alone are too small.

W: Will we have to control over everything？

M: I think we'll learn to control the weather, volcanoes and earthquakes, illness won't exist, we'll grow new livers, kidneys, hearts and lungs like spare parts for a car. People will live to about 230 or about 250. (25) For 2000 years, we have tried to understand our environment. Now we will begin to control it.

Questions;

What does Professor Smith say about most Americans around the year of 1900？

What does Professor Smith advise we do？

When will the world population stop growing according to Professor Smith？

What does Professor Smith think human beings will be able to do？

(23)

A．Their average life span was less than 50 years.

B．It was very common for them to have 12 children.

C．They retired from work much earlier than today.

D．They were quite optimistic about their future.

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第4题

The author was most probably raisedA．by his grandparents.B．by an old woman slave.C．with hi

The author was most probably raised

A．by his grandparents.

B．by an old woman slave.

C．with his master's support.

D．together with other children.

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第5题

听力原文： Today, as AIDS licks the whole world, we should no longer term it as taboo, but

take a scientific view of it.

AIDS is the fifth leading cause of death among persons between ages 25 and 44 in the United States. About 47 million people worldwide have been infected with HI~ since the start of the epidemic.

AIDS stands for "Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome". It is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV). AIDS is the final and most serious stage of HIV disease, in which the signs and symptoms of severe immune deficiency have developed.

HIV has been found in saliva, tears, nervous system tissue, blood, semen, vaginal fluid, and breast milk. However, only blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk have been proven to transmit infection to others.

Transmission of the virus occurs through sexual contact, blood transfusions or needle sharing, and from mother to child. A pregnant woman can passively transmit the virus to her fetus, or a nursing mother can transmit it to her baby.

Other transmission methods are rare and include accidental needle injury, artificial insemination through donated semen, and through a donated organ.

HIV infection is not spread by casual contact such as hugging and touching, by touching dishes, doorknobs, or by mosquitoes. It is not transmitted to a person who donates Blood or organs. However, it can be transmitted to the person receiving blood or organs from an infected donor. This is why blood banks and organ donor programs screen donors' blood and tissues thoroughly.

How many people worldwide have been infected with HIV since the start of the epidemic？

A．47 million.

B．4 billion.

C．25 million.

D．44 million.

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第6题

Passage OneQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. Every artist knows in hi

Passage One

Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.

Every artist knows in his heart that he is saying something to the public. Not only does he want so say it well，but he wants it to be something which has not been said before. He hopes the public will listen and understand-he wants to teach them. and he wants them to learn from him. What visual artists like painters want to teach is easy to make out but difficult to explain，because painters translate their experiences into shapes and colors，not words. They seem to feel that a certain selection of shapes and colors，out of the countless billions possible，is exceptionally interesting for them and worth showing to us. Without their work we should never have noticed these particular shapes and colors，or have felt the delight which they brought to the artist. Most artists take their shapes and colors from the world of nature and from human bodies in motion and repose：their choices indicate that these aspects of the world are worth looking at，that they contain beautiful sights. Contemporary artists might say that they merely choose subjects that provide an interesting pattern，that there is nothing more in it. Yet even they do not choose entirely without reference to the character of their subjects. If one painter chooses to paint a gangrenous(生坏疽的)leg and another a lake in moonlight，each of them is directing our attention to a certain aspect of the world. Each painter is telling us something，showing us something，emphasizing something-all of which mean that，consciously or unconsciously，he is trying to teach us.

All artists are common in that______.

A. they use shapes and colors instead of words

B. they are trying to teach the public

C. what they want to teach is difficult to explain

D. they want to learn from the public

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第7题

All of the following is true of cosmetic surgery EXCEPT______.A．it should be done hi one's

All of the following is true of cosmetic surgery EXCEPT______.

A．it should be done hi one's thirties rather than fiftieth

B．its cost has fallen considerably

C．it is available to most people including the most advanced laser technology

D．it has become more and more convenient

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第8题

Shaking hands, smiling, and saying “hi” or “nihao” is the most usual way to greet people in China. Use “nin hao” to greet older Chinese people.

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第9题

—Hi, David ! How was your trip to Beijing？ —Wonderful! I have never had______in my life.A．

—Hi, David ! How was your trip to Beijing？ —Wonderful! I have never had______in my life.

A．a most exciting holiday

B．a more exciting holiday

C．the most excited holiday

D．the more excited holiday

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第10题

duality

Duality and cultural transmission are two most important design features of human language.()

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第11题

When does history begin？ It is tempting to reply 'hi the beginning", but like many obvious

answers, this soon turns out to be unhelpful. As a great Swiss historian once pointed out in another connection, history is the one subject where you cannot begin at the beginning, ff we want to, we can trace the chain of human descent back to the appearance of vertebrates, or even to the photosynthetic cells which lie at the start of life itself. We can go back further still, to almost unimaginable upheavals which formed this planet and even to the origins of the universe. Yet this is not "history".

Commonsense helps here: history is the story of mankind, of what it has done, suffered or enjoyed. We all know that dogs and cats do not have histories, while human beings do. Even when historians write about a natural process beyond human control, such as the ups and downs of climate, or the spread of disease, they do so only because it helps us to understand why men and women have lived (and died) in some ways rather than others.

This suggests that all we have to do is to identify the moment at which the first human beings step out from the shadows of the remote past. It is not quite as simple as that, though. We have to know what we are looking for first and most attempts to define humanity on the basis of observable characteristics prove in the end arbitrary and cramping, as long arguments about "apemen" and "missing links" have shown. Physiological tests help us to classify data but do not identify what is or is not human. That is a matter of a definition about which disagreement is possible. Some people have suggested that human uniqueness lies in language, yet other primates possess vocal equipment similar to our own; when noises are made with it which are signals, at what point do they become speech？ Another famous definition is that man is a tool-maker, but observation has east doubt on our uniqueness in this respect, too, long after Dr. Johnson scoffed at Boswell for quoting it to him.

What is surely and identifiably unique about the human species is not its possession of certain faculties or physical characteristics, but what it has done with them--its achievement, or history, in fact. Humanity’s unique achievement is its remarkably intense level of activity and creativity, its cumulative capacity to create change. All animals have ways of living, some complex enough to be called cultures. Human culture alone is progressive: it has been increasingly built by conscious choice and selection within it as well as by accident and natural pressure, by the accumulation of a capital of experience and knowledge which man has exploited. Human history began when the inheritance of genetics and behavior. which had until then provided the only way of dominating the environment was first broken through by conscious choice. Of course, human beings have always only been able to make their history within limits. These limits are now very wide indeed, but they were once so narrow that it is impossible to identify the first step which took human evolution away from the determination of nature. We have for a long time only a blurred story, obscure both because the evidence is poor and because we cannot be sure exactly what we are looking for.

According to the author, when should be regarded as the beginning of human history？

A．The appearance of vertebrates.

B．The point when human beings consciously chose to do something.

C．The coming into being of the photosynthetic cells.

D．The origins of the universe.

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