Maps drawn by different countries put their country at the center of the map. This co
A.The question of who first sighted Antarctica in modern times is still much debated, and no one has been able to present conclusive evidence.
B.Between 3,000 and 9,000 years ago, the world was warmer than it is now, and the polar landmass was presumably smaller.
C.There are only a few sixteenth-century global maps that show a continental landmass at the South Pole.
D.Most attributions of surprising accomplishments to ancient civilizations or even extraterrestrials are eventually discredited or rejected as preposterous.
E.Ancient philosophers believed that there had to be a large landmass at the South Pole to balance the northern continents and make the world symmetrical.
How are jigsaw puzzles made?
The method of making a jigsaw puzzle hasn't changed much since its invention in the late 18th century: an image is mounted on solid material and cut into a bunch of pieces. The first puzzles were made of wood and cut with a jigsaw, hence the name of the game.
You can still buy puzzles made Of wood, but the type you're probably most familiar with is die-cut cardboard. The die-cut press, in wide use in the United States by the 1930s, according to puzzle historian Anne D. Williams, exerts 500 tons of pressure to hold a board in place while a steel-rule die cuts it into pieces. The die consists of pieces of metal that have been shaped to form. each piece in the puzzle — much like a cookie cutter punches out a shape in dough. Recent innovations include the use of lasers and computer-contro11ed water jets to cut puzzle pieces.
Some manufacturers still have their puzzle pieces drawn by hand; others use a computer to ensure that only two pieces will fit together exactly. Puzzle styles have evolved, however, from maps and flat images to three-dimensional objects and trick puzzles. In some of these complicated puzzles, several pieces will fit together securely, but only one combination of pieces yields the correct solution to the puzzle.
When was the jigsaw puzzle first invented?
A.Not earlier than 1800.
B.1930's.
C.1750 to 1799.
D.Not known.
This World, a round island resting on the surface of waters, was suspended from the sky by four cords attached to the island at the four cardinal points of the compass. Lines drawn to connect the opposite points of the compass, from north to south and from east to west, intersected This World to divide it into four wedge-shaped segments. Thus a symbolic representation of the human world was a cross within a circle, the cross representing the intersecting lines and the circle the shape of This World.
Each segment of This World was identified by its own color. According to Cherokee doctrine, east was associated with the color red because it was the direction of the Sun, the greatest deity of all. Red was also the color of fire, believed to be directly connected with the Sun, with blood, and therefore with life. Finally, red was the color of success. The west was the Moon segment: it provided no warmth and was not life-giving as the Sun was. So its color was black, North was the direction of cold, and so its color was blue (sometimes purple), and it represented trouble and defeat. South was the direction of warmth, its color, white, was associated with peace and happiness.
The southeastern Native Americans' universe was one in which opposites were constantly at war with each other, red against black, blue against white. This World hovered somewhere between the perfect order and predictability of the Upper World and the total disorder and instability of the Lower World. The goal was to find some kind of halfway path or balance, between those other worlds.
Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
A.One Civilization's View of the Universe.
B.The Changing of the Seasons in the Southeast.
C.The Painting of Territorial Maps by Southeastern Native Americans.
D.The War Between Two Native American Civilizations.
2 Perhaps the nearest modern equivalent in America is the Amish, a German American farming sect that largely renounces the products and labor saving devices of the industrial age. In Amish areas, horse drawn buggies still serve as a local transportation device and the faithful are not permitted to own automobiles. The Amish's central religious concept of Demut "humility" clearly reflects the weakness of individualism and social class so typical of folk cultures and there is a corresponding strength of Amish group identity. Rarely do the Amish marry outside their sect. The religion, a variety of the Mennonite faith, provides the principal mechanism for maintaining order.
3 By contrast a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group often highly individualistic and constantly changing. Relationships tend to be impersonal and a pronounced division of labor exists, leading to the establishment of many specialized professions. Secular institutions of control such as the police and army take the place of religion and family in maintaining order, and a money based economy prevails. Because of these contrasts, "popular" may be viewed as clearly different from "folk". The popular is replacing the folk in industrialized countries and in many developing nations. Folk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually because the popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier or time saving to use or lends more prestige to the owner.
Which of the following statements is NOT true of a folk culture?
A.Impersonal.
B.Religious.
C.Conservative.
D.Collective.
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