CARS模型的第二个语步是什么
A、establishing a research field
B、establishing a niche
C、occupying the niche
D、general information
A、establishing a research field
B、establishing a niche
C、occupying the niche
D、general information
特别提醒: 阅读填空题作答时,每个空格中只需填入一个大写英文字母,不要输入任何空格或标点符号,也不要填入小写字母。祝大家考出考成绩!(31-35题) In this section, you will read five sentences selected from an abstract. Each sentence is marked with a letter A, B,C,D or E. Please rearrange the sentences in proper order. Write down corresponding letter to fill in the blanks below IN ORDER . Write only ONE letter in ONE blank. (A) In mice, context-dependent pain hypersensitivity was abolished by castrating male mice, pharmacological blockade of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, or intracerebral or intrathecal injections of zeta inhibitory peptide (ZIP) known to block atypical protein kinase C (including the protein kinase Mz isoform). In humans, men, but not women, self-reported higher levels of stress when tested in a room previously associated with tonic pain. (B) These models provide a new, completely translatable means for studying the relationship between memory, pain, and stress. (C) Pain memories are hypothesized to be critically involved in the transition of pain from an acute to a chronic state. (D) We find that both mice and people become hypersensitive to acute, thermal nociception when tested in an environment previously associated with an aversive tonic pain experience. This sensitization persisted for at least 24 hr and was only present in males of both species. (E) To help elucidate the underlying neurobiological mechanisms of pain memory, we developed novel paradigms to study context-dependent pain hypersensitivity in mouse and human subjects, respectively.
特别提醒: 阅读填空题作答时,每个空格中只需填入一个大写英文字母,不要输入任何空格或标点符号,也不要填入小写字母。祝大家考出考成绩! Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks(1-10). You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank below. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter A to O. Please write the corresponding letter to fill in the blanks IN ORDER. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. A For example B Thus C However D Despite E More importantly F Secondly G Further H But I In fact J Future work K Typically L Moreover M In other words N Finally O In this study A For example B Thus C However D Despite E More importantly F Secondly G Further H But I In fact J Future work K Typically L Moreover M In other words N Finally O In this study ___(36)___reported sex differences in rodent and human fear conditioning, there was no a priori reason to expect a male-specific hypersensitivity (or, for that matter, a malespecific effect of novelty-related stress-induced analgesia shown in Figure S1). __(37)___, sex-specific effects of fearconditioned responses are driven by high levels of estrogen, which may facilitate initial fear acquisition and enhanced extinction and memory recall. ___(38)___, women report more clinical pain and are reliably more sensitive to pain in experimental studies. __(39)__, any expected sex difference should have involved heightened sensitivity in females. __(40)___, sex differences in the underlying spinal and brainstem mechanisms of pain processing have been demonstrated in rodents and humans. __(41)___, both female mice and humans were initially more sensitive to thermal pain than males, just not significantly so. The sex difference in conditioned hypersensitivity might be fundamentally related to stress in both species. Male mice and male humans exhibited evidence of increased stress on the second day of testing, and for mice, stress measured as plasma corticosterone seemed to be responsible for the observed stress-induced hypersensitivity in males only. ___(42)___ might explicitly test cortisol in human males to confirm the role of stress beyond self-reported stress. In both species, the hypersensitivity was context dependent, and considering that pre-treatment with the aPKC antagonist, ZIP, was able to reverse the phenomenon when administered i.c.v., a reasonable interpretation is that males more effectively recalled (or were more emotionally affected by recalling) the stress-inducing properties of the context on day 2 of testing. PKMz has been implicated in the processing of classical fear conditioning, using paradigms that are not dissimilar to those employed here. __(43)__, one study of PKMz and spatial memory showed that training increased synaptic PKMz in male, __(44)__ not female, rats and that synaptic PKMz levels correlated with memory retention in males, but not females. The direction of sex differences in fear conditioning studies is controversial, with some studies suggesting that male rodents exhibit more conditioned fear and others finding no sex difference or suggesting the opposite. The human literature is similarly contradictory. Clear conclusions are hampered by complexities related to prior or concurrent stressors, social factors, choice of unconditioned responses, and whether sex differences are attributable to acquisition, retention, and/or extinction of the memory. In one study of conditioned fear using electric shock, __(45)__, women gave higher subjective ratings of fear on day 2 of testing but lower skin conductance responses.
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