题目内容
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A.diachronic
B.synchronic
C.comparative
D.historical
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更多“The term ____ linguistics may be defined as the study of a language at a given point in time, which …”相关的问题
A.term
B.marker
C.discourse
D.context
A.langue
B.competence
C.parole
D.performance
49. Linguistic pertains to both language and communication. In the twentieth century, the term came to signify a single fairly narrow approach to language and to exclude everything else of interest that might theoretically be included within it. However, scholars in this field may have very different understanding of the nature of language. For instance, some claimed that language has both an innate mental system and actual behaviors; while some believed that language is composed of a system of signs and speech used in the language community. Now, try to discuss the similarities of and differences between these two views on language. Note that your discussion is no less than 150 words.
The languages spoken by early Europeans are still shrouded in mystery. There is no
linguistic continuity between the languages of Old Europe (a term sometimes used for
Europe between 7000 and 3000 B.C.) and the languages of the modem world, and we
cannot yet translate the Old European script, Scholars have deciphered other ancient
5 languages, such as Sumerian, Akkadian, and Babylonian, which used the cuneiform
script, because of the fortuitous discovery of bilingual inscriptions, When cuneiform
tablets were first discovered in the eighteenth century, scholars could not decipher them.
Then inscriptions found in baa at the end of the eighteenth century provided a link: these
inscriptions were written in cuneiform. and in two other ancient languages, Old Persian
10 and New Elamite--languages that had already been deciphered. It took several decades,
but scholars eventually translated the ancient cuneiform. script. via the more familiar
Old Persian language:
Similarly, the hieroglyphic writing of the Egyptians remained a mystery until French
troops unearthed the famous Rosetta stone in the late eighteenth century. The stone carried
15 the same message written in ancient Greek, Egyptian hieroglyphs, and Egyptian hieratic,
a simplified form. of hieroglyphs. The Rosetta stone thwarted scholars' efforts for several
decades until the early nineteenth century when several key hieroglyphic phrases were
decoded using the Greek inscriptions. Unfortunately, we have no Old European Rosetta
stone to chart correspondences between Old European script. and the languages that
20 replaced it.
Tim incursions of Indo-European tribes into Old Europe from the late fifth to the
early third millennia B.C. caused a linguistic and cultural discontinuity. These incursions
disrupted the Old European sedentary farming lifestyle. that had existed for 3,000 years
As the Indo-Europeans encroached on Old Europe from the east, the continent underwent
25 upheavals. These severely affected the Balkans, where the Old European cultures
abundantly employed script. The Old European way of life deteriorated rapidly, although
pockets of Old European culture remained for several millennia, ~ new peoples spoke
completely different languages belonging to the Indo-European linguistic family. The
Old European language or languages, and the script. used to write them, declined and
eventually vanished.
What does the passage mainly discuss？
A．Reasons for the failure to understand the written records of Old European culture
B．Influences on the development of Old European script
C．Similarities between Old European script. and other ancient writing systems
D．Events leading to the discovery of Old European script
Section B
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.
"It is difficult not to hear in Standard English always the sound of slaughter and conquest" (Hooks, 1994).
Leaning one language means acquiring its culture because one cannot be separated from the other. This gain is accompanied by the inevitable transformation or loss of certain aspects of the first language and culture. The fear for many, therefore, is that teaching one common language will create a common world culture, but at the expense of the other cultures worldwide. This loss of culture will ultimately lead to a loss of the many different identities creating a clone (克隆) of the more dominant identity of the English Speaking World.
The individuals' cultural identity will disintegrate (碎裂、分解), leading to a suppressed identity especially if the first language and culture are considered deficient compared to the learned language and culture of English. So compared to the native speaker of the English, individuals will consider themselves inferior and this feeling of inferiority is intensified because of the native speaker's feeling of superiority. At the same time, those learning and using the language of power (in this case English) become part of an elitist (精英) group, who by virtue of position or education exercise power or influence over others in their group who have not learned English. Thus because of the assumption that the knowledge of English is related to intellectual and social superiority, the English speaking group ends up with power and influence over the non-English speakers. A linguistic hierarchy of power is created with the native English speaker on top, followed by the non-native speaker of English, leaving the non-English speaker at the bottom.
In this context, Phillipson proposes the term of English Linguistic Imperialism.
Linguistic Imperialism is maintained due to the elitism (精英主义) which becomes entrenched (确立的) in society when the dominance of one language becomes an accepted norm, and the speakers of that language are assumed to have intellectual and social superiority that ensures their power and influence over others, Elitism can be traced to the French word elite, which means selection or choice, and in the case of linguistic elitism the act of selection or choice is done by the native speakers of the language as well as the non-native speakers. The non-native speakers of the language (English), especially those who never acquire native fluency, are assumed by their peers (同辈、同等的人) as well as by the native speakers as being intellectually deficient in some way. The manifestations of this elitist attitude toward the English language are prevalent (盛行的) in all aspects of life from educational institutions to businesses and social situations. The international prevalence of this attitude can be found in English speaking countries like the US and UK, where there is a large immigrant population that speaks English as a second language, and in Pakistan and India, where English is the national language, but is not the first language of the majority.
What does the author imply with the citation at the beginning？
A．It is difficult for a person to learn Standard English.
B．It is easy for a person to speak Standard English.
C．It is not easy for a person to listen to Standard English.
D．The history of Standard English is a process of conquering other languages.
Language Varieties
Languages constantly undergo changes, resulting in the development of different varieties of the languages.
A. Dialects
A dialect is a variety of a language spoken by an identifiable subgroup of people. Traditionally, linguists have applied the term dialect to geographically distinct language varieties, but in current usage the term can include speech varieties characteristic of other socially definable groups. Determining whether two speech varieties are dialects of the same language, or whether they have changed enough to be considered distinct languages, has often proved a difficult and controversial decision. Linguists usually cite mutual intelligibility as the major criterion in making this decision. If two speech varieties are not mutually intelligible, then the speech varieties are different languages; if they are mutually intelligible but differ systematically from one another, then they are dialects of the same language. There are problems with this definition, however, because many levels of mutual intelligibility exist, and linguists must decide at what level speech varieties should no longer be considered mutually intelligible. This is difficult to establish in practice. Intelligibility(可理解性) has a large psychological component: If a speaker of one speech variety wants to understand a speaker of another speech variety, understanding is more likely than if this were not the case. In addition, chains of speech varieties exist in which adjacent speech varieties are mutually intelligible, but speech varieties farther apart in the chain are not. Furthermore, sociopolitical factors almost inevitably intervene in the process of distinguishing between dialects and languages. Such factors, for example, led to the traditional characterization of Chinese as a single language with a number of mutually unintelligible dialects.
Dialects develop primarily as a result of limited communication between different parts of a community that share one language. Under such circumstances, changes that take place in the language of one part of the community do not spread elsewhere. As a result, the speech varieties become more distinct from one another. If contact continues to be limited for a long enough period, sufficient changes will accumulate to make the speech varieties mutually unintelligible. When this occurs, and especially if it is accompanied by the sociopolitical separation of a group of speakers from the larger community, it usually leads to the recognition of separate languages. The different changes that took place in spoken Latin in different parts of the Roman Empire, for example, eventually gave rise to the distinct modem Romance languages, including French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and Romanian.
In ordinary usage, the term dialect can also signify a variety of a language that is distinct from what is considered the standard form. of that language. Linguists, however, consider the standard language to be simply one dialect of a language. For example, the dialect of French spoken in Paris became the standard language of France not because of any linguistic features of this dialect but because Paris was the political and cultural centre of the country.
B. Social Varieties of Language
Sociolects(社会方言) are dialects determined by social factors rather than by geography. Socioleets often develop due to social divisions within a society, such as those of socioeconomic class and religion. In New York City, for example, the probability that someone will pronounce the letter when it occurs at the end of a syllable, as in the word fourth, varies with socioeconomic class. The pronunciation of a final in general is associated with members of higher socioeconomic classes. The same is true in England of the pronunciation of h, as in hat. Members of certain social groups often adopt a particular pronunciation as a way of distinguishin
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
A phoneme is a minimal distinctive linguistic unit. ()
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