Ideas about “spoiling”children have always involved consideration of just what is a spoiled child，how does spoiling occur，and what are the consquences of spoiling have always included concepts of a child&39;s nature and concepts of the ideal child and the ideal adult. The many mothers of 1820 who belonged to the city “maternal associations”struggled to uphold the ideas about child raising that been prevalent in the 18th century.They had always been told that the spoiled stood in danger of having trouble later in life(when exposed to all the temptations of the world) and. more imporantly. stood in danger of spiritual ruin. At first, the only approach these mothers knew was to"break the will”of the child.This approach,coming initially from the theology(神学)of Calvin, the French Protestant reformer,was inherited from the stern outlook of the Puritans. As one mother wrote."No child has ever been known. since the earliest period of the world,destitute(缺乏)of an evil disaposition-however sweet it appears.”Infant depravity(堕落). by which was meant the child&39;s impulses, could be curbed only by breaking the will so that the child submitted implicitly to parental guidance. In 1834.a mother described this technique: Upon the father&39;s order，her 16-month-old daughter had refused to say "Dear Mama", and had been left aionc in a room wherr she screamed wildly for ten minuter. After the ten minutes,the child was commanded again,and again she refused，so she was whipped and ordered again. This continued for four hours until the child finally obeyed. Parents commonly reported that after one such trial of“will”.the child became permanemly submissive. In passing. we can note that knowledge about a child&39;s “No” period might have moderated the disciplining of little children and the application of the stage “Spare the rod and spoil the child. By freeing the child from its evil nature, parents believed they. could then guide the child into acquiring the right character traits, such as honesty, industriousness, and society. These moral principles, fixed in the child&39; s character, were to govern it throughout life, in a sociery where free enterprise, individual effort, and competition were believed tobe the ruling fores.
According to the article, the mothers of 1820 were determined to____.
A.develop independence in their children
B.spoil their children,
C.avoid exposing their children to spiritual ruin
D.broaden the, experiences of their children
Calvin is mentioned in this article to show____.A.the-derivation Of the stern, outlook of the Puritans
B.French influence in the discipline of children
C.the evis of Puitanism
D.how the Reformation moderated the severe discipline
The author suggests that 19th century parents were chiefly interestedin achild’s____.A.growing up to be industrious
B.acquiring good character traits
C.learning to compete sccessully
D.learning how to be honest.
This passage implied, but not stated that____.A.many parents believed that the child could become temporarily submissive omby breaking his will
B."Spare the rod and spoil the child" is a folish adage
C.the father wanted his child to say "Dear Mama"
D.more knowledge about child development can influence disciplining
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