Chinese Dialects (方言)_简答题试题答案

第1题

Chinese Dialects（方言)1．The enormous differences in Chinese dialects have been a continuin

Chinese Dialects(方言)

1．The enormous differences in Chinese dialects have been a continuing problem ever since China became an empire in 221 B．C．, and it is one big reason why the country has remained impoverished(贫穷)． Of the 600 million people who call themselves Chinese, all but a very small number speak Chinese．But the dialects vary so widely that the speech of Peking, for example, is as different from the speech o{ Canton as English is from German.

2．There is, to be sure, only one written language for all China, but it bears no phonetic(语言的)relationship to any of the spoken dialects．Moreover, it has so many symbols that only a tiny portion of the population has ever mastered it.

3．As a result, most Chinese have been isolated for centuries from a free flow of ideas and from the economic progress that such a flow produces．Many dynasties tried with little success to break down the wall．After recognizing the importance of having a literate people for working in a technological world and for developing an effective propaganda(宣传)machine, the present government is putting everything it has into tackling the language problem． But the obstacles are so formidable(难以应付的)that the results cannot yet be predicted.

4．At the heart the problem is the dialects．The dialects prevented the evolution of a single written language based on phonetics．Instead, the Chinese were forced to develop a system that has no relation to sound, and they have clung to it for more than 3,000 years.When this system is applied to a whole language, it results in an overwhelming number of symbols.

5．There are about 50,000 entries in a Chinese dictionary not counting the compounds(复合词)．In order to be literate, a Chinese must learn 6,000; to be moderately educated,12,000．An English-speaking child, having to conquer only a twenty-six-letter alphabet,has usually learned to read by the time he begins the third grade．A Chinese child needs at least five more years of elementary learning; in the seventh grade, he can barely read a Chinese newspaper.

A．Dealing with the Problem of Various Dialects

B．Difficulties in Learning Chinese

C．Features of Chinese Dialects

D．Differences in Chinese Dialects

E．Dialects as Heart of the Problem

F．Ways of the Government to Tackle the Problem

第 23 题 Paragraph 1____。

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第2题

What are some aspects of sociolinguistic research in social dialects？社会语言学研究社

会方言的哪些方面？

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第3题

_______ dialects are spoken by 71.5 percent of the population in China.

A.Mandarin

B.Chinese

C.YUE

D.Cantonese

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第4题

The result of the enormous differences in Chinese dialects, as far as the author

is concerned, is that____。

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第5题

A．Dealing with the Problem of Various DialectsB．Difficulties in Learning ChineseC．Features

A．Dealing with the Problem of Various Dialects

B．Difficulties in Learning Chinese

C．Features of Chinese Dialects

D．Differences in Chinese Dialects

E．Dialects as Heart of the Problem

F．Ways of the Government to Tackle the Problem

第 27 题 According to the text, it is believed that China’s poverty is partly caused by____。

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第6题

Chinese dialects differ in their_____.

A.Phonology

B.Syntax

C.Vocabulary

D.Semantic

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第7题

Scholars usually classify Chinese dialects into six divisions: Yue dialect, Wu dialect, Min dialect, Gan dialect, Xiang dialect and Beijing dialect.

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第8题

A modern person can read Jiaguwen from 3000 years ago. This means _______ .

A、Han characters are flexible.

B、Han characters are adaptable.

C、Spoken Chinese varies considerably between dialects.

D、Han characters bridge the gap between different dialects and eras.

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第9题

In addition to the Mandarin dialects, there are six other Chinese dialect groups, spoken m

ainly in southern and southeastern China. This linguistic______, particularly in southeastern China, has provided the basis for strong regional identity and some ethnic variation within the larger Han community.

A．fragmentation

B．unanimity

C．lethargy

D．apotheosis

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第10题

Language VarietiesLanguages constantly undergo changes, resulting in the development of di

Language Varieties

Languages constantly undergo changes, resulting in the development of different varieties of the languages.

A. Dialects

A dialect is a variety of a language spoken by an identifiable subgroup of people. Traditionally, linguists have applied the term dialect to geographically distinct language varieties, but in current usage the term can include speech varieties characteristic of other socially definable groups. Determining whether two speech varieties are dialects of the same language, or whether they have changed enough to be considered distinct languages, has often proved a difficult and controversial decision. Linguists usually cite mutual intelligibility as the major criterion in making this decision. If two speech varieties are not mutually intelligible, then the speech varieties are different languages; if they are mutually intelligible but differ systematically from one another, then they are dialects of the same language. There are problems with this definition, however, because many levels of mutual intelligibility exist, and linguists must decide at what level speech varieties should no longer be considered mutually intelligible. This is difficult to establish in practice. Intelligibility(可理解性) has a large psychological component: If a speaker of one speech variety wants to understand a speaker of another speech variety, understanding is more likely than if this were not the case. In addition, chains of speech varieties exist in which adjacent speech varieties are mutually intelligible, but speech varieties farther apart in the chain are not. Furthermore, sociopolitical factors almost inevitably intervene in the process of distinguishing between dialects and languages. Such factors, for example, led to the traditional characterization of Chinese as a single language with a number of mutually unintelligible dialects.

Dialects develop primarily as a result of limited communication between different parts of a community that share one language. Under such circumstances, changes that take place in the language of one part of the community do not spread elsewhere. As a result, the speech varieties become more distinct from one another. If contact continues to be limited for a long enough period, sufficient changes will accumulate to make the speech varieties mutually unintelligible. When this occurs, and especially if it is accompanied by the sociopolitical separation of a group of speakers from the larger community, it usually leads to the recognition of separate languages. The different changes that took place in spoken Latin in different parts of the Roman Empire, for example, eventually gave rise to the distinct modem Romance languages, including French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and Romanian.

In ordinary usage, the term dialect can also signify a variety of a language that is distinct from what is considered the standard form. of that language. Linguists, however, consider the standard language to be simply one dialect of a language. For example, the dialect of French spoken in Paris became the standard language of France not because of any linguistic features of this dialect but because Paris was the political and cultural centre of the country.

B. Social Varieties of Language

Sociolects(社会方言) are dialects determined by social factors rather than by geography. Socioleets often develop due to social divisions within a society, such as those of socioeconomic class and religion. In New York City, for example, the probability that someone will pronounce the letter when it occurs at the end of a syllable, as in the word fourth, varies with socioeconomic class. The pronunciation of a final in general is associated with members of higher socioeconomic classes. The same is true in England of the pronunciation of h, as in hat. Members of certain social groups often adopt a particular pronunciation as a way of distinguishin

A．Y

B．N

C．NG

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Chinese Dialects （方言)The enormous differences in Chinese dialects have been a continuing