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提问人：网友qixiaohua 发布时间：2022-01-07

[主观题]

The researchers wished to compare the six soil samples collected during experiments 1 an

d 2 according to permeability (ability of water to pass through them). A portion of each sample was placed in a separate cup with a filter bottom, and then the same amount of water was added to each cup. After one minute, the amount of water passing through each filter was measured. In order to draw any reliable conclusions about the permeability of the six original samples, all of the following conditions are necessary EXCEPT:

A.one minute is sufficient time for some amount of water to escape at least some of the cups.

B.the same amount of soil was added to all six cups.

C.in each cup, the proportions of sand, silt, and clay were the same as in the original sample.

D.the filters did not allow soil particles to escape through the bottoms of the cups.

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更多“The researchers wished to compare the six soil samples collected during experiments 1 an”相关的问题

第1题

根据下列材料，请回答题Suppose you become a leader in an organization. It’s very likely that

根据下列材料，请回答题

Suppose you become a leader in an organization. It’s very likely that you’ll want to have volunteers to help with the organization’s activities. To do so, it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work.

Let’s begin with the question of why people volunteer. Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved. For example, people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness, to expand their range of experiences, and to strengthen social relationships. If volunteer positions do not meet these needs, people may not wish to participate. To select volunteers, you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.

People also volunteer because they are required to do so. To increase levels of community service, some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs. Unfortunately, these programs can shift people’s wish of participation from an internal factor (e.g., “I volunteer because it’s important to me”) to an external factor (e.g., “I volunteer because I’m required to do so”). When that happens, people become less likely to volunteer in the future. People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunteer activities a must.

Once people begin to volunteer, what leads them to remain in their positions over time？ To answer this question, researchers have conducted follow-up studies in which they track volunteers over time. For instance, one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year. One of the most important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions. Although this result may not surprise you, it leads to important practical advice. The researchers note that attention should be given to “training methods that would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”.

Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view “volunteer” as an important social role. It was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work. Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as “Volunteering in Hospital is an important part of who I am.”Consistent with the researchers’ expectations, they found a positive correlation (正相关) between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer. These results, once again, lead to concrete advice: “Once an individual begins volunteering, continued efforts might focus on developing a volunteer role identity.... Items like T-shirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contributions can help strengthen role identity”.

People volunteer mainly out of ______ . 查看材料

A.academic requirements

B.social expectations

C.financial rewards

D.internal needs

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第2题

听力原文：M: It's so cold now, but this morning it was so hot and sunny. I wish there was a

way I could always be wearing the most suitable clothes for the temperature.

W: I recently read that in ten years we'll be wearing clothes that change with the weather. So when it's cold, our clothes will warm up, and when it's hot, our clothes will cool off.

M: Oh, very funny! So we'll be wearing huge clothes with built-in air-conditioners and heaters.

W: I'm serious. Researchers have discovered a method of treating fibers with plastic crystals which can store and release heat as the temperature changes. These treated fibers absorb more heat than untreated fibers. Researchers are still working with this, but soon this process will be widespredad.

M: That's fascinating. I didn't know that fibers can store heat. How does that work？

W: These fibers work with the heat by rearranging their structures.

M: That's truly unbelievable. You said that it'll be a decade before this type of clothes will be available. What a shame! I don't think I can wait that long.

What's the man's first reaction to what the woman describe？

A．He is shocked.

B．He is excited.

C．He is upset.

D．He is doubtful.

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第3题

听力原文： Climate researchers still do not agree on whether the earth will become warmer d

uring the century. Even more importantly, none of them expect the planet to get very much warmer in the foreseeable future. They say that the earth is likely to warm by no more than 2 degrees Centigrade during this century.

Satellite studies indicated that additional cloud cover would moderate any warming trend. Highly ac curate satellite data for the last nineteen years show a slight cooling of the atmosphere. Most of the one-half-degree Centigrade of warming that has occurred in the last one-hundred years took place before 1940—before humanity put very much CO2 into the air. Thus there is strong evidence that the two are unconnected.

Research has only recently produced a computerized climate model able accurately to mimic the weather the world has accurately had. This more-accurate model projects only a 2-degree Centigrade increase in temperatures.

Between 900 AD and 1300 AD, the earth warmed by some 4 to 7 degrees Fahreheit—almost exactly what the models now predict for this century. History books call it the Little Climate Optimum. Written and oral history tells us that the warming created one of the most favorable periods in human history, crops were plentiful, death rates diminished, and trade and industry expanded—while art and architecture flourished,

Researchers tell us that we need not fear a return of the Little Climate Optimum. If there is any global warming in the 21th century, it will produce milder weather that marked the medieval Little Optimum—with the added benefit of more CO2 in the atmosphere and therefore a more luxuriant natural environment.

(30)

A．The earth will get warmer in the next century.

B．Some researchers wish the weather to become warmer.

C．Any warming up of the earth's atmosphere will be limited.

D．The earth's atmosphere will cool significantly.

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第4题

听力原文：M: It's so cold now, but this morning it was so hot and sunny. I wish there was a

way! could always be wearing the most suitable clothes for the temperature.

W: I recently read that in ten years we'll be wearing clothes that change with the weather. So when it's cold, our clothes will warm up, and when it's hot, our clothes will cool off.

M: Oh, very funny! So we'll be wearing huge clothes with built-in air conditioners and heaters.

W: I'm being serious! Researchers have discovered a method of treating fibers with plastic crystals capable of storing and releasing heat as the temperature fluctuates. These treated fibers absorb more heat than untreated fibers. Researchers are still working with this, but soon this process will be widespread.

M: That's fascinating. I didn't know that fibers had the capability of storing heat. How does that work？

W: These fibers work with the heat by rearranging their structures. The treated fibers move back and forth between two solid shapes.

M: I don't understand. What kind of shapes do they change into？

W: When the weather gets warmer, the crystals take on cube shapes and absorb heat. When the weather gets cooler, the crystals become cooler and come back to their original structure.

M: That's truly unbelievable. You said that it'd be a decade before this type of clothes will be available, What a shame! I don't think I can wait that long.

(23)

A．He is indifferent.

B．He is doubtful.

C．He is disgusted.

D．He is alarmed.

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第5题

For decades many U.S. veterans who took part in atmospheric nuclear tests have wondered wh

ether their exposure to radiation might ultimately cost them their lives. Their private fears became a public issue in 1976 after a veteran claimed his leukemia was caused by radiation from a 1957 test series.

The atomic veterans and their families, as well as researchers and policy-makers, continue to struggle for definitive answers. These have been elusive, at least in part, because a crucial piece of information has been difficult to get--the radiation dose that each individual received.

In the largest study to date, researchers from the Institute of Medicine (IOM) have come up with some partial answers. But they too were limited in their ability to draw conclusions by the lack of usable information on radiation exposure.

The new study focused on participants in five series of nuclear tests, all of which took place either in the Nevada desert or the South Pacific. Nearly 70,000 soldiers, sailors, airmen, and marines were involved in at least one of these, and about 30 percent of them have now died. For comparison, researchers selected a group of 65,000 military people serving at the same time under similar conditions, except that they did not take part in nuclear tests.

After an intensive review of service and death records, researchers found no difference between the two groups in overall death rates or in total deaths from cancer. Had there been a dramatic radiation effect, it would have shown up in this comparison.The researchers also analyzed specific causes of death, including diseases linked in other studies to radiation. Here there were some differences. Among the nuclear test veterans, 14 percent more died from leukemia than those in the comparison group, although the difference lacked statistical significance and could have resulted from chance.

When comparisons were made based on whether the veterans participated in nuclear tests in Nevada or in the Pacific Ocean, the differences were sharper: a 50 percent higher leukemia death rate among Nevada atomic veterans than among the comparison group. This was not true among Pacific test participants, who actually had a slightly lower, though not statistically significant leukemia death rate than those in their comparison group.

The passage tells us that researchers wish that they could find out ______.

A．when and where the veterans received the nuclear radiation

B．why the amount of radiation cannot be accurately measured

C．who was responsible for the veterans' deaths

D．how much radiation each veteran got during the nuclear tests

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第6题

听力原文：M: Did you watch" Undersea Discovery" last night？W: No, I missed it. Did you？M: Y

听力原文：M: Did you watch" Undersea Discovery" last night？

W: No, I missed it. Did you？

M: Yeah. It was pretty good--it was about barnacles.

W: Hmm.

M: You know how they stick themselves to stuff in the ocean－like rocks or boats？

W: Uh-huh.

M: Well, they do that when they're young, and then they stay in the same place forever.

W: It figures. Have you ever tried removing one of those things？ Last summer I tried to scrape some off a pier—I had to give up after a while. You'd think they wouldn't be able to stick like that underwater.

M: Yeah. These biomedical researchers were talking about its possible uses. Orthopedists could use it for mending broken bones; or it could be used in dentistry.

W: I wish I'd seen that.

(20)

A．The reproductive cycle of barnacles.

B．A new source of protein.

C．Types of sea animals.

D．The adhesive quality of barnacles.

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第7题

Weight Worries May Start Early for Slim Women

There is a range of reasons why thin women think they're too heavy, but the distorted body image may often have its roots in childhood, the results of a new study suggest.

Researchers found that among more than 2400 thin women they surveyed, nearly 10 percent thought they were too heavy. (46)

According to the study authors, led by Dr. Susanne Kruger Kjaer of the Danish Cancer Society Copenhagen, " society's ideal" female body is moving toward an underweight physique (体格). (47)

To investigate body image among thin women, the researchers gave questionnaires (调查表)to 2, 443 women ages 27 to 38 whose body mass index was at the low end of normal. (48)

Overall, almost 10 percent of the women thought they were too heavy. Those who reported certain "severe life events" in childhood or adolescence, such as having a parent become ill or having their educational hopes dashed (使破灭) , were more likely than others to have a distorted body image. (49)

In contrast, traumatic (使人不快的)events in adulthood, such as serious illness or significant marital problems, were not related to poor body image, the researchers report. (50)

A. The same was true for women who started having sex or drinking alcohol when they were younger than 15 years old.

B. Experiences in childhood, including having an ill parent, or starting to drink or have sex at a particularly young age, were among the risk factors for having a distorted body image.

C. "Our results indicate that the risk of being dissatisfied with (one's) own body weight may be established early in life. "Kjaer and her colleagues write.

D. Research suggests that many normal-weight women wish to weigh less.

E. If worries have altered your appetite or weight, it will help to talk to someone about it.

F. The women were asked about factors ranging from childhood experiences to current exercise habits.

(46)

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第8题

Wiping away doubts that Dolly the sheep clone was a fluke, University of Hawaii researcher

s announced they've been cloning mice for months, creating a flock of more than 50 duplicate rodents along the way. 71. The success of the Hawaii group transforms adult cloning from a scientific novelty to a well-defined procedure likely to be .reproduced in labs around the world. The mass production of carbon copy mice, in turn, now allows researchers to test variations of the cloning techniques to see what works best. Cloning the genetically engineered mice used in medical studies should also be cheaper than current breeding methods.

The Hawaii researchers use essentially the same recipe used to make Dolly: Take an egg. Scoop out the nucleus, which contains the DNA genetic information, and discard. Take a cell of the animal you wish to clone and insert its DNA into the egg. Add chemicals to tell the egg to start developing into an embryo. Incubate the embryo in a test tube for a few days, and then implant it into a foster mother. Wait for the foster mother to give birth to the clone. 72. Where they modified the recipe was the method for moving the DNA from the animal-to-be-cloned into the egg. Most researchers had thought that mice would be particularly difficult to clone, because the DNA in mice embryos switches on very early, possibly as soon as the egg splits into the two-cell stage.

Because adult cells have specific, specialized functions, most of the unused DNA has been turned off. Scientists had thought that the implanted DNA would not have enough time to "repro- gram" itself back to the embryonic, unspecialized state. Thus, most cloning research has focused on animals where the DNA switches on later, allowing more time for the reprogramming. 73. In cows, for example, the DNA switch-on occurs when the embryo reaches the eight-cell stage. No one is sure how the ttawaii group got the mouse DNA to reprogram itself more quickly, but some have the suspicion that getting rid of the outer part of the adult cell speeds the process.

In addition to various genetic tests, the researchers used a simple color scheme to verify that the DNA of the babies was not contaminated by either the egg donor or the foster mother. The eggs came from black mice, while the foster mothers were all white mice. The baby mice all came out coffee-colored, the color of their identical DNA mother. The researchers have licensed their technology to venture capital company ProBio America Inc. , based in Honolulu. "This technique we are expanding into the large commercial animals, such as cows and sheep, where much of our business is intended to be," says ProBio's Cameron Reynolds.

(71)

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第9题

Motivation is "the driving force within individuals that impels them to action." And goals

are the sought-after results (1) motivated behavior.

Motivation can be either positive or negative (2) direction. We may feel a driving force toward some object or condition, (3) a driving force away from some object or condition. For example, a person may be impelled toward a restaurant to fulfill a need, hunger, and away (4) an airplane to fulfill a need of safety. Some psychologists refer to positive drives (5) needs, wants or desires, (6) negative drives as fears or aversions (7) , though negative and positive motivational forces seem to differ dramatically (8) terms of physical and sometimes emotional activity, they are basically similar in (9) they both serve to initiate and sustain human behavior. (10) this reason, researchers often refer (11) both kinds of drives or motives as needs, wants and desires.

Goals, (12) , can be either positive or negative. A positive goal is one toward (13) behavior. is directed and it is often referred to as an approach object. A negative goal is (14) from which behavior. is directed away and it is sometimes referred to as an avoidance object. Since both approach and avoidance goals can be considered objectives of motivated behavior, most researchers refer to (15) types simply as goals. Consider this example. A middle-aged woman may wish to remain (16) attractive as possible. Her positive goal is to appear desirable, and (17) she may use a perfume advertised to make her irresistible. A negative goal may be to prevent her skin (18) aging, and therefore she may buy and use face creams. (19) the former case, she uses perfume to help her achieve her positive goal -- attractiveness; in the (20) case, she uses face creams to help avoid a negative goal -- wrinkled skin.

(51)

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