题目内容
（请给出正确答案）
A．sacrifice
B．forefront
C．preconceptions
D．progress
简答题官方参考答案
（由简答题聘请的专业题库老师提供的解答）
更多“During the 1800's and early 1900's, new academic disciplines such as chemistry and physics”相关的问题
Passage Three
In the 1800's, trains roared into stations. They were symbols of progress and expansion. They played as much of a role in America's history as presidents and generals.
The first American railroads were built in the late 1820's. The early railroads provided cheap transportation for shippers and travelers. To encourage the railroads to expand into unsettled lands, President Millard Fillmore signed a series of landgrant acts (土地拨赠法案) in the 1850's. These acts gave the railroad companies ownership of land that ran along the railways. In return for the land, the railroads carried government traffic at reduced rates. The railroad companies sold much of their land to farmers and cattlemen, who then shipped their goods on the trains.
The importance of the railroads became clear during the Civil War. During the war, trains carried troops, arms, and supplies. One reason that the North won the war is that it had more use of the railroads.
Between 1865 and 1900, railroads grew rapidly. The first transcontinental (跨越全洲的) route was Completed in 1869. This track made it easier for pioneers to cross the Rocky Mountains and settle the West. And the railroads brought new people to the West even before the trains started running. Thousands of Chinese and Irish laborers helped to lay down the tracks.
When were the first American railroads built according to the passage？
A．Around 1800.
B．Around 1830.
C．Around 1860.
D．Around 1890.
A man named Dr. Samuel Johnson【C9】______all this. In 1755 Dr. Johnson produced the first modern dictionary. He【C10】______in his dictionary all important words, both easy and hard, and he gave good meanings. He also gave good sentences to show how each word was【C11】______used in speech and【C12】______. By the end of the 1700' s most dictionary makers【C13】______Johnson' s lead. Dictionaries were getting better and better.
The 1800' s【C14】______the greatest improvement【C15】______the quality of dictionaries. In England scholars planned and prepared the Oxford English dictionary, a【C16】______work. One of the most interesting【C17】______of the Oxford Dictionary is its word histories. It【C18】______the history of each word from its earliest【C19】______use【C20】______the time of the printing of the dictionary.
【C1】
A．no less than
B．much less than
C．nothing more than
D．much more than
Moreover, an outcry for a fresher, more practical, and more advanced kind of instruction arose among the alumni and friends of nearly all of the old colleges and grew into a movement that overrode all conservative opposition. The aggressive "Young Yale" movement appeared, demanding partial alumni control, a more liberal spirit, and a broader course of study. The graduates of Harvard College simultaneously rallied to relieve the college's poverty and demand new enterprise. Education was pushing toward higher standards in the East by throwing off church leadership everywhere, and in the West by finding a wider range of studies and a new sense of public duty.
The old-style. classical education received its most crushing blow in the citadel of Harvard College, where Dr. Charles Eliot, a young captain of thirty -- five, son of a former treasure of Harvard, led the progressive forces. Five revolutionary advances were made during the first years of Dr. Eliot's administration. They were the elevation and amplification of entrance requirements, the enlargement of the curriculum and the development of the elective system, the recognition of graduate study in the liberal arts, the raising of professional training in law, medicine, and the fostering of greater maturity in student life. Standards of admission were sharply advanced in 1872～1873 and 1876～1877. By the appointment of a dean to take charge of student affairs, and a wise handling of discipline, the undergraduates were led to regard themselves more as young gentlemen and less as young animals. One new course of study after another was opened up: science, music, the history of the fine arts, advanced Spanish, political economy, physics, classical philology, and international law.
Which of the following is the author's main purpose in writing the passage？
A．To present the history of Harvard College and compare it with that of Yale University.
B．To criticize the conditions of the U.S. universities in the 19th century.
C．To describe innovations in the U.S. higher education in the latter 1800's.
D．To introduce what was happening in major U. S. universities before the turn of the century.
A man named Dr. Samuel Johnson charged all this. In 1755 Dr. Johnson produced the first modem dictionary. He included in his dictionary all important words, both easy and hard, and he gave good meanings. He also gave good sentences to show how each word was actually used in speech and in writing. By the end of the 1700' s most dictionary makers had followed Johnson' s lead. Dictionaries were getting better and better.
The 1800's saw the greatest improvement in the quality of dictionaries. In England scholars planned and prepared the Oxford English Dictionary, a twenty-volume work. One of the most interesting features of the Oxford Dictionary is its word histories. It traces the history of each word from its earliest recorded use up to the time of the printing of the dictionary.
The first English dictionary was published ______
A．1604
B．around 1700
C．1750
D．1755
Vienna
Vienna was one of the music centers of Europe during the classical period, and Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven were all active there. As the seat of the Holy Roman Empire (which included parts of present-day Austria, Germany, Italy, Hungary, Czech and Slovakia), it was a (51) cultural and commercial center (52) a cosmopolitan character. Its population of al most 250, 000 (in 1800) made Vienna the fourth largest city in Europe. All three (53) masters were born elsewhere, but they were drawn to Vienna to study and to seek (54) . In Vienna, Haydn and Mozart became close friends and influenced each other’s musical (55) Beethoven traveled to Vienna at sixteen to play for Mozart; at twenty-two, he returned to study with Haydn.
Aristocrats from all over the Empire spent the winter in Vienna, sometimes bringing their private (56) . Music was an important part of court life, and a good orchestra was a (57) of prestige. Many of the nobility were excellent musicians.
Much music was heard in private concerts where aristocrats and wealthy commoners played (58) professional musicians. Mozart and Beethoven often earned money by performing in these intimate concerts. The nobility (59) hired servants who could (60) as musicians. An advertisement in the Vienna Gazette of 1789 (61) : “Wanted, for a house of the gentry, a manservant who knows how to play the violin well.”
In Vienna there was also outdoor music, light and popular in (62) . Small street bands of wind and string players played at garden parties or under the windows of people (63) to throw (64) money. Haydn and Mozart wrote many outdoor entertainment (65) , which they called divertimentos or serenades. Vienna’s great love of music and its enthusiastic demand for new works made it the chosen city of Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven.
(51)
A．romantic
B．bustling
C．integrated
D．antique
？Read the text below about death by overwork in Japan.
？In most of the lines 34-45 there is one extra word. It is either grammatically incorrect or does not fit in with the sense of the text. Some lines, however, are correct.
？If a line is correct, write CORRECT.
？If there is an extra word in the line, write the extra word in CAPITAL LETTERS.
34. death in the 1980s in Japan, where long working hours are the norm there.
35. Official figures say it that the Japanese work about 1780 hours a year,
36. slightly less than Americans (1800 hours a year),though more than Germans
37. (1440). But the statistics are misleading because of they do not count 'free overtime'
38. (work that an employee is obliged to perform. but not paid for). It is being estimated
39. that one in three men who aged 30 to 40 works over 60 hours a week. Factory
40. workers arrive early and stay late, without an extra pay. Training at weekends may be
41. uncompensated. During the past 20 years of economic inactivity, many companies
42. have been replaced full-time workers with part-time ones. Regular staff who remain
43. are benefit from lifetime employment but feel obliged to work extra hours lest
44. their positions will be made temporary. Cultural factors reinforce these trends.
45. Hard work is respected as the cornerstone of Japan's post-war economic miracle.
The value of self-sacrifice puts the benefit of the group above that of the individual.
(34)
The old style. classical education received its most crushing blow in the citadel of Harvard College, where Dr. Charles Eliot, a young captain of 35, son of a former treasurer of Harvard, led the progressive forces. 5 revolutionary advances were made during the first years of Dr. Eliot's administration. They were the elevation and amplification of entrance requirements, the enlargement of the curriculum and the development of the elective system, the recognition of graduate study in the liberal arts, the raising of professional training in law and medicine, and the fostering of greater maturity in student life. Standards of admission were sharply advanced in 187,2-1873 and 1876-1877. By the appointment of a dean to take charge of student affairs, and a wise handling of discipline, the undergraduates were led to regard themselves more as young gentlemen and less as young animals. One new course of study after another was opened up: science, music, the history of the fine arts, advanced Spanish, political economy, physics, classical philology, and international law.
Which of the following is the author's main purpose in writing the passage？
A．To present the history of Harvard College and compare it with that of Yale University.
B．To criticize the conditions of the U.S. universities in the 19th century.
C．To describe innovations in the U.S. higher education in the later 1800's.
D．To introduce what was happening in major U. S. universities before the mm of the century.
Iron was rapidly adopted for the construction of bridges, because its strength was far greater than that of stone or timber, but its use in the architecture of buildings developed more slowly, By 1800 a complete internal iron skeleton for buildings bad been developed in industrial architecture replacing traditional timber beams, but it generally remained concealed. Apart from its low cost, the appeal of iron as a building material lay in its strength, its resistance to fire, and its potential to span vast areas. As a result, iron became increasingly popular as a structural material for more traditional styles of architecture during the nineteenth century, but it was invariably concealed.
Significantly, the use of exposed iron occurred mainly in the new building types produced by the Industrial Revolution: in factories, warehouses, commercial offices, exhibition halls, and railroad stations, where its practical advantages far outweighed its lack of status. Designers of the railroad stations of the new age explored the potential of iron, covering huge areas with spans that surpassed the great vaults of medieval churches and cathedrals. Paxton's Crystal Palace, designed to house the Great Exhibition of 1851, covered an area of 1848 feet by 408 feet in assembled units of glass set in iron frames. The Paris Exhibition of 1889 included both the widest span and the greatest height achieved so far with the Halle des Machines, spanning 362 feet, and the Eiffel Tower 1,000 feet high. However, these achievements were mocked by the artists of Paris as expensive and ugly foolishness. Iron, despite its structural advantages, had little aesthetic(审美的) status, The use of an exposed iron structure in the more traditional styles of architecture was slower to develop.
What does the passage mainly discuss？
A．Advances in iron processing in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
B．The effects of the Industrial Revolution on traditional architectural styles.
C．Advantages of stone and timber over steel as building materials.
D．The evolution of the use of iron in architecture.
Iron was rapidly adopted for the construction of bridges, because its strength was far greater than that of stone or timber, but its use in the architecture of buildings developed more slowly. By 1800 a complete internal iron skeleton for buildings had been developed in industrial architecture replacing traditional timber beams, but it generally remained concealed. Apart from its low cost, the appeal of iron as a building material lay in its strength, its resistance to fire, and its potential to span vast areas. As a result, iron became increasingly popular as a structural material for more traditional styles of architecture during the nineteenth century, but it was invariably concealed.
Significantly, the use of exposed iron occurred mainly in the new building types produced by the Industrial Revolution: in factories, warehouses, commercial offices, exhibition halls, and railroad stations, where its practical advantages far outweighed its lack of status. Designers of the railroad stations of the new age explored the potential of iron, covering huge areas with spans that surpassed the great vaults of medieval churches and cathedrals. Paxton's Crystal Palace, designed to house the Great Exhibition of 1851, covered an area of 1848 feet by 408 feet in assembled units of glass set in iron frames. The Paris Exhibition of 1889 included both the widest span and the greatest height achieved so far with the Halle des Machines, spanning 362 feet, and the Eiffel Tower 1,000 feet high. However, these achievements were mocked by the artists of Paris as expensive and ugly foolishness. Iron, despite its structural advantages, had little aesthetic(审美的)status. The use of an exposed iron structure in the more traditional styles of architecture was slower to develop.
What does the passage mainly discuss？
A．Advances in iron processing in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
B．The effects of the Industrial Revolution on traditional architectural styles.
C．Advantages of stone and timber over steel as building materials.
D．The evolution of the use of iron in architecture.
The first major energy transition was from wood to coal. For many centuries people used wood as a primary source of energy. By burning wood people were able to heat their homes, cook their food, and produce basic items. Most early societies grew up near a sufficient supply of wood. The main advantage of wood was that it was easy to get and easy to bum.
During the early 1800's, some towns and villages began to make a transition from wood to coal as a basic source of energy, because they found that coal generally burns longer and at a higher temperature than wood, and a long-burning and hot-burning fuel was badly needed for the machines that were being used at that time. Another advantage of coal was that there was a lot of it and it was also easy to get. Besides, it could be easily shipped to faraway places.
As a result of the transition from wood to coal, industry developed very rapidly. People were able to get more things and their standard of living went up.
The second major energy transition was from coal to oil. We'll discuss it next week.
Why did most early societies grow up near a sufficient supply of wood？
A．Because wood was safer than coal.
B．Because wood burned longer than coal.
C．Because there was more wood than coal.
D．Because they used wood as primary source energy.
警告：系统检测到您的账号存在安全风险
为了保护您的账号安全，请在“简答题”公众号进行验证，点击“官网服务”-“账号验证”后输入验证码“”完成验证，验证成功后方可继续查看答案！
