题目内容
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Which type blood is universal donor？
A．type A
B．type B
C．type O
D．type AB
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更多“Which type blood is universal donor？A．type AB．type BC．type OD．type AB”相关的问题
A.A type×O type
B.B type×O type
C.A type×B type
D.AB type×O type
A、determine which type of stroke is occurring
B、decide where the blood clot is located
C、find out the position of an aneurysm
D、stop the bleed of the vessel
A 42-year-old patient is scheduled for surgery that will likely require a transfusion. Because the patient has a rare blood type, an autologous blood transfusion is planned. Prior to surgery, 1500 mL of blood is collected. The collection tubes contain calcium citrate to prevent coagulation. Which of the following is the mechanism for citrate’s anticoagulative action？
A、Chelating calcium
B、Binding factor XII
C、Activating plasminogen
D、Blocking thrombin
Which of the following generalizations of people's type is true？
A．People who like drinking wine tend to be optimistic.
B．People who live in mountain areas tend to have a long life.
C．People who live in areas with stable climate tend to be talkative and lively.
D．People who like drinking cow blood tend to be strong and tall.
A．Prevent fatal diseases.
B．Be immune from infections.
C．Keep your skin smooth.
D．Retain best health.
There are two kinds of diabetes. Type One develops in children or young adults. Type Two develops in older adults. The new study involved Type Two diabetes.
Which of the following items may not be injured by diabetes？
A．Kidneys
B．Nerves.
C．Ears.
D．Eyes.
SECTION 2 Optional Translation (30 points)
A 17-year U. S. study has finally answered one of the most pressing questions about diabetes: Can tight control of blood sugar prevent heart attacks and strokes？
The answer, reported Thursday in The New England Journal of Medicine, is yes. Intense control can reduce the risk by nearly half.
And, the study found, the effect occurred even though the patients had only had a relatively brief period of intense blood sugar control when they were young adults. None the less, more than a decade later, when they reached middle age, when heart disease and strokes normally start to appear, they were protected. The study involved those with Type 1 diabetes, which usually arises early in life and involves the death of insulin-secreting cells.
The question of whether rigid blood sugar control protects against heart disease and strokes has divided the field for decades, diabetes researchers said.
"It's really a major question that has been around for a long time," said Dr. Judith Fradkin, who directs diabetes research at the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases,
Researchers knew that diabetes was linked to heart disease — at least two-thirds of diabetics die of heart disease. But although studies showed that controlling blood sugar protects against damage to the eyes, kidneys and nerves, there was no conclusive evidence that it would have the same effect on heart disease and strokes.
"In that sense, this is a landmark study," said Fradkin.
But the result also gives rise to questions: Does the same effect occur in people with Type 2 diabetes, which usually occurs later in life and involves an inability to respond to insulin？ And why would tight control of blood sugar for one brief period have such a pronounced effect later？
Fradkin said she expected the results would hold for Type 2 diabetes. Another large U. S. federal study is addressing that question, she notes, but it is already known that tight control of blood sugar in Type 2 diabetes protects against nerve, kidney and eye damage, just as it does with Type 1 diabetes. In addition, a study in Britain hinted — although it did not demonstrate — that Type 2 diabetics who keep their blood sugar low have less heart disease and strokes.
Fradkin said she hoped the emerging evidence and improving therapies would make a difference.
The brain blood flow studies show that reciting the days of the week and months of the year increases blood flow in appropriate areas, whereas problem solving which demands intense concentration of a reasoning type produces much larger changes in the distribution of blood in the brain.
Between these basic studies of brain function and real life situations there is still a considerable gap, but reasonable deduction seems possible to try and understand what happens to the brain. Life consists of a series of events which may be related to work or to our so-called leisure time. Work may be relatively automatic——as with typing, for instance, it requires intense concentration and repetition during the learning phase to establish a pat tem in the brain. Then the typist's fingers automatically move to hit the appropriate keys as she reads the words on the copy.
However, when she gets fired she makes mistakes much more frequently. To overcome this she has to raise her level of arousal and concentration but beyond a certain point the automatic is lost and thinking about hitting the keys leads to more mistakes.
Other jobs involve intense concentration such as holding bottles of wine up to a strong light and turning them upside down to look for particles of dirt falling down. This sounds quite easy but experience teaches that workers can do this for only about thirty minutes before they start making a mistake. This is partly because the number of occasions with dirt in the bottle is low and the arousal level, therefore, fails. Scientists have shown that devices to raise arousal level will increase the accuracy of looking for relatively rate events. A recent study of the effect of less of sleep in young doctors showed that in tests involving a challenge to their medical judgment when short of sleep they raised their arousal level and became better at tests of grammatical reasoning as well.
According to the brain blood flow studies, problem solving ______.
A．increases blood flow in some areas of the brain
B．causes changes in the distribution of blood in the brain
C．demands intense concentration of blood in certain areas
D．is based on the ability to recite the time
Apparently, overuse of salt causes high blood pressure and hypertension, the cause of half the deaths in the United States every year. A few years ago the anti-salt campaigners raised such an uproar that salt was banned from baby food.Currently pressure is being applied to food manufacturers to oblige them to label their products to show sodium content. Because doing so would cost manufacturers money, they argue that they have no idea how much salt remains on such things as potato chips and how much sticks to the bag. Furthermore, salt isn't the only harmful ingredient in food.If the manufacturer has to provide sodium content, why not require him to list every ingredient and specify which are harmful to our health？ Cigarettes have a warning printed on them. Shouldn't the same type of warning appear on canned foods that are notoriously over- salted？
There are endless ifs and buts in the controversy, but the most telling of these is the questionable proof of salt's effect upon the blood pressure. True, people who cut their salt intake lowered their blood pressure, but where is the scientific proof that something other than salt didn't do the trick？ The most common means of providing dubious proof that salt causes hypertension is to compare societies that use little salt with those that use mountains of salt in their daily diets. Which group has the higher rate of hypertension？ Whose blood pressure is lower？ What happens when salt is introduced into a group where salt is a novelty？ Does the blood pressure rise significantly？ Studies of the Japanese indicate that as the world's greatest salters, they suffer the most from hypertension. On the other hand, the simple, salt-free cooking of several tribes in the Solomon Islands has kept older tribesmen and women from developing hypertension and high blood pressure, ailments traditionally killing their peers in America.No account is taken of the effects of inflation, recession, pollution, crime, and sundry (多种多样的) other ills to which Americans, unlike people on primitive islands, are exposed.
To salt or not to salt？ That is the question. Now that the question has arisen, it must not be treated with levity(轻率) but, rather, with searching scientific investigation so that those of us who are preoccupied with both savory(薄荷) food and longevity may decide which of the two is worth its salt.
The attitude of the author of this passage toward the salt controversy is that______。
A．we must stop eating salt immediately
B．she is not convinced that salt is harmful
C．the Food and Drug Administration works well with doctors
D．soon there won't be anything tasty left to eat
Leukemia
Leukemia is the most common type of cancer kids get, but it is still very rare. Leukemia involves the blood and blood-forming organs, such as the bone marrow. (46)
A kid with leukemia produces lots of abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow. Usually, white blood cells fight infection, but the white blood cells in a person with leukemia don't work the way they're supposed to. (47) The abnormal white blood cells multiply out of control, filling the bone marrow and making it hard for enough normal, infection-fighting white blood cells to form. Other blood cells—such as red blood cells (that carry oxygen in the blood to the body's tissues) and platelets (that allow blood to clot)—are also crowded out by the white blood cells of leukemia. These cancer cells may also move to other parts of the body, including the bloodstream, where they continue to multiply and build up.
Although leukemia can make kids sick, most of the time it is treatable, and kids get better. Almost all leukemia patients are treated with chemotherapy, which means using anti-cancer drugs. (48) Chemotherapy quickly goes to work, traveling through the blood to the bone marrow. There, the drugs can attack the cancer cells. After several weeks of chemotherapy, many kids begin to feel better.
Some children with leukemia will also have radiation therapy, too. (49)
If the cancer isn't getting better from usual amounts of chemotherapy and radiation, then a kid with leukemia Will probably need more treatment—with higher doses of chemotherapy and radiation to finally kill the cancer cells. But this heavy-duty treatment will also harm the normal cells in the kid's bone marrow too, and the bone marrow will no longer be able to produce normal blood ceils. So, doctors will then give a kid—or anyone else with bone marrow that is no longer working—normal bone marrow tissue from someone else who is healthy. (50)
A. The chemotherapy drugs are given through a catheter, a narrow tube that is inserted into a blood vessel, sometimes in the kid's upper chest.
B. Early symptoms of leukemia are often overlooked, since they may resemble symptoms of the flu or other common diseases.
C. This is a special procedure called a bone marrow transplant, and it helps the patient make new blood cells so they can recover from the leukemia.
D. Bone marrow is the innermost part of some bones where blood ceils are first made.
E. They don't protect the person from infections very well.
F. Radiation therapy uses invisible high-energy waves (similar to X-rays) to kill cancerous cells.
(46)
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