In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, wa..

第1题

Why does the author mention the visible-light microscope in the first paragraph？A．To begin

Why does the author mention the visible-light microscope in the first paragraph？

A．To begin a discussion, of sixteenth-century discoveries.

B．To put the X-ray microscope in a historical perspective.

C．To show how limited its uses are.

D．To explain how it functioned.

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第2题

Geographers and historians have traditionally held the view that Antarctica was first sigh

ted around 1820, but some sixteenth-century European maps show a body that resembles the polar landmass, even though explorers of the period never saw it. Some scholars, therefore, argue that the continent must have been discovered and mapped by the ancients, whose maps are known to have served as models for the European cartographers. Which of the following, if true, is most damaging to the inference drawn by the scholars？

A．The question of who first sighted Antarctica in modern times is still much debated, and no one has been able to present conclusive evidence.

B．Between 3,000 and 9,000 years ago, the world was warmer than it is now, and the polar landmass was presumably smaller.

C．There are only a few sixteenth-century global maps that show a continental landmass at the South Pole.

D．Most attributions of surprising accomplishments to ancient civilizations or even extraterrestrials are eventually discredited or rejected as preposterous.

E．Ancient philosophers believed that there had to be a large landmass at the South Pole to balance the northern continents and make the world symmetrical.

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第3题

Near the beginning of Goethe's career, when his enthusiasm for Shakespeare was at once the

excitement of new discovery and a reflection of the championship of the human spirit in opposition to the formalities of Neoclassicism, be happened upon the autobiography of Gotz yon Berlichingen, a sixteenth-century robber knight who represented himself as a defender of justice and righteousness in the midst of treacherous and Machiavellian princes and nobles. Inspired by these idealistic sentiments, by the new patriotic spirit, and by a strong Rousseauistic conviction in regard to the goodness of the natural instincts of man, Goethe attempted to imitate Shakespeare's use of historical characters by writing a play about a rather obscure figure in German history. Creating an authentic sixteenth-century background, Goethe also projects something of the Sturm und Drang sentiments of revolt as the rebellious hero fights against the treachery and meanness of his age.

The play is loosely organized and often uncertain in its direction. Its fifty-eight scenes, tragic and comic, are a deliberate flouting of time-honored principles of good dramatic structure. But it bas all the feeling of restless violence associated with the Sturm und Drang period. Gotz rebels and takes the peasants' side against the artificialities and venality of a clerical court. Weisslingen is perverted and then destroyed by associates who are incapable of society, society wins; but the applause goes to the victims, and their martyrdom is an inspiration for all mankind. Goethe knew that nobility of spirit is as rare as intelligence or force of character; hence be was no democrat. The peasants should have a master, but good leadership should exist for the benefit, not the exploitation, of the people.

Goethe was no democrat, because ______.

A．he felt that the peasants needed a master

B．he believed that good character was rare

C．in his play, corrupt society wins

D．he supported a robber knight

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第4题

听力原文：Interviewer: It's difficult to talk about the beauty of a sound, but our great mu

sicians today still clearly feel that these sixteenth-century Italian violins are the best. Do you agree with them？

Scientist: Well, if you look closely at a violin, um ... it may be a beautiful-looking instrument, but it is basically just a wooden box, whose function is to take a little energy out of the string that the musician plays and to turn it into sound that is then heard by the listener. The function of an individual violin is to provide suitable playing and sound qualities for the musician to express all of his or her emotions.

You turn on the radio and hear a scientist being interviewed about violins. What is the scientist doing？

A．Explaining how a violin works.

B．Explaining how a violin is made.

C．Explaining how a violin should be played.

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第5题

Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by c

Part A

Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)

In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families to try to preserve their superiority by withdrawing from the lower and middle classes behind barriers of etiquette. In a prosperous community, on the other hand, polite society soon absorbs the newly rich, and in England there has never been any shortage of books on etiquette for teaching them the manners appropriate to their new way of life.

Every code of etiquette has contained three elements= basic moral duties; practical rules which promote efficiency; and artificial, optional graces such as formal compliments to, say, women on their beauty or superiors on their generosity and importance.

In the first category are consideration for weak and respect for age. Among the ancient Egyptians the young always stood in the presence of older people. Among the Mponguwe of Tanzania, the young men bow as they pass the huts of the elders. In England, until about a century ago, young children did not sit in their parents' presence without asking permission.

Practical rules are helpful in such ordinary occurrences of social life as making proper introductions at parties of other functions so that people can be brought to know each other. Before the invention of the fork, etiquette directed that the fingers should be kept as clean as possible, before the handkerchief came into common use, etiquette suggested that after spitting, a person should rub the spit inconspicuously underfoot.

Extremely refined behavior, however, cultivated as an art of gracious living, has been characteristic only of societies with wealth and leisure, which admitted women as the social equals of men. After the fall of Rome, the first European society to regulate behavior. in private lift in accordance with a complicated code of etiquette was twelfth-century Provence, in France.

Provence had become wealthy. The loads had returned to their castles from the crusades, and there the ideals of chivalry grew up, which emphasized the virtue and gentleness of women and demanded that a knight should profess a pure and dedicated love to a lady who would be his valiant deeds, though he would never come physically close to her. This was the introduction of the concept of romantic love, which was to influence literature for many hundreds of years and which still lives on in a debased form. in simple popular songs and cheap novels today.

In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, the ruling families

A．tried to destroy the lower and middle classes using etiquette.

B．discriminated against the lower class using etiquette.

C．tried to teach etiquette to the lower and middle classes.

D．put the middle and working classes into fenced enclosures.

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第6题

3.The Tobacco Colonies Sixteenth-century England w...

3.The Tobacco Colonies Sixteenth-century England was a tumultuous place. Because they could make more money from selling wool than from selling food, many of the nation’s landowners were converting farmers’ fields into pastures for sheep. This led to a food shortage; at the same time, many agricultural workers lost their jobs. The 16th century was also the age of mercantilism, an extremely competitive economic philosophy that pushed European nations to acquire as many colonies as they could. As a result, for the most part, the English colonies in North America were business ventures. They provided an outlet for England’s surplus population and (in some cases) more religious freedom than England did, but their primary purpose was to make money for their sponsors. In 1606, King James I divided the Atlantic seaboard in two, giving the southern half to the London Company (later the Virginia Company) and the northern half to the Plymouth Company. The first English settlement in North America had actually been established some 20 years before, in 1587, when a group of colonists (91 men, 17 women and nine children) led by Sir Walter Raleigh settled on the island of Roanoke. Mysteriously, by 1590 the Roanoke colony had vanished entirely. Historians still do not know what became of its inhabitants. In 1606, just a few months after James I issued its charter, the London Company sent 144 men to Virginia on three ships: the Godspeed, the Discovery and the Susan Constant. They reached the Chesapeake Bay in the spring of 1607 and headed about 60 miles up the James River, where they built a settlement they called Jamestown. The Jamestown colonists had a rough time of it: They were so busy looking for gold and other exportable resources that they could barely feed themselves. It was not until 1616, when Virginia’s settlers learned how to grow tobacco, that it seemed the colony might survive. The first African slaves arrived in Virginia in 1619. In 1632, the English crown granted about 12 million acres of land at the top of the Chesapeake Bay to Cecilius Calvert, the second Lord Baltimore. This colony, named Maryland after the queen, was similar to Virginia in many ways. Its landowners produced tobacco on large plantations that depended on the labor of indentured servants and (later) African slaves. But unlike Virginia’s founders, Lord Baltimore was a Catholic, and he hoped that his colony would be a refuge for his persecuted coreligionists. Maryland became known for its policy of religious toleration for all. 5. Which of the following statement is Not True？

A、During the 16th century, people were thinking highly of business.

B、The food shortage of 16-century England was caused by converting to the sheep husbandry.

C、In 1606, King James I gave the southern half to the Plymouth Company.

D、Virginia was the first colony to receive slaves from Africa.

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第7题

Etiquette1 In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and

Etiquette

1 In sixteenth-century Italy and eighteenth-century France, waning prosperity and increasing social unrest led the ruling families to try to preserve their superiority by withdrawing from the lower and middle classes behind barriers of etiquette. In a prosperous community, on the other hand, polite society soon absorbs the newly rich and in England there has never been any shortage of books on etiquette for teaching them the manners appropriate to their new way of life.

2 Every code of etiquette has contained three elements; basic moral duties; practical rules which promote efficiency; and artificial, optional graces such as formal compliments to, say, women on their beauty or superiors on their generosity and importance.

3 In the first category are considerations for the weak and respect for age. Among the ancient Egyptians the young always stood in the presence of older people. Among the Mponguwe of Tanzania, the young men bow as they pass the huts of the elders. In England,until about a century ago, young children did not sit in their parents' presence without asking permission.

4 Practical rules are helpful in such ordinary occurrences of social life as making proper introductions at parties or other functions so that people can be brought to know each other. Before the invention of the fork, etiquette directed that the fingers should be kept as clean as

possible; before the handkerchief came into common use, etiquette suggested that after spitting, a person should rub the spit inconspicuously underfoot.

5 Extremely refined behavior, however, cultivated as an art of gracious living, has been characteristic only of societies with wealth and leisure, which admitted women as the social equals of men. After the fall of Rome, the first European society to regulate behavior. in private life in accordance with a complicated code of etiquette was twelfth-century Province, in France.

6 Province had become wealthy. The lords had returned to their castle from the crusades, and there the ideals of chivalry grew up, which emphasized the virtue and gentleness of women and demanded that a knight should profess a pure and dedicated love to a lady who would be his inspiration, and to whom he would dedicate his valiant deeds,though he would never come physically close to her. This was the introduction of the concept of romantic love, which was to influence literature for many hundreds of years and which still lives on in a debased form. in simple popular songs and cheap novels today.

7 In renaissance Italy too, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, a wealthy and leisured society developed an extremely complex code of manners, but the rules of behavior. of fashionable society had little influence on the daily life of the lower classes. Indeed many of the rules, such as how to enter a banquet room, or how to use a sword or handkerchief for ceremonial purposes, were irrelevant to the way of life of the average working man, who spent most of his life outdoors or in his own poor hut and most probably did not have a handkerchief, certainly not a sword, to his name.

8 Yet the essential basis of all good manners does not vary. Consideration for the old and weak and the avoidance of harming or giving unnecessary offence to others is a feature of all societies everywhere and at all levels from the highest to the lowest.

One characteristic of the rich classes of a declining society is their tendency to

A．take in the recently wealthy.

B．retreat within themselves.

C．produce publications on manners.

D．change the laws of etiquette

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第8题

In most aspects of medieval life, the closed corporation prevailed. But compared to modern

life, the medieval urban family was a very open unit: for it included, as part of the normal household, not only relatives by blood but a group of industrial workers as well as domestics whose relation was that of secondary members of family. This held for all classes, for young men from the upper classes got their knowledge of the world by serving as waiting men in a noble family: what they observed and overheard at mealtime was part of their education. Apprentices lived as members of the master craftsman's family. If marriage was perhaps deferred longer for men than today, the advantages of home life were not entirely lacking, even for the bachelor.

The workshop was a family; likewise the merchant's counting house. The members ate together at the same table, worked in the same rooms, slept in the same or common hall, converted at night into dormitories, joined in the family prayers, participated in the common amusements.

The intimate unity of domesticity and labour dictated the major arrangement within the medieval dwelling-house itself. Houses were usually built in continuous rows around the perimeter of their gardens. Freestanding houses, unduly exposed to the elements, wasteful of the land on each side, harder to heat, were relatively scarce: even farmhouses would be part of a solid block that included the stables, barns and granaries. The materials for the houses came out of the local soil, and they varied with the region. Houses in the continuous row forming the closed perimeter of a block, with guarded access on the ground floor, served as a domestic wall: a genuine protection against felonious entry in troubled times.

The earliest houses would have small window openings, with shutters to keep out the weather; then later, permanent windows of oiled cloth, paper and eventually glass. In the fifteenth century, glass, hitherto so costly it was used only for public buildings, became more frequent, at first only in the upper part of the window. A typical sixteenth-century window would have been divided into three panels: the uppermost panel, fixed, would be of diamond-parted glass; the next two panels would have shutters that opened inwards; thus the amount of exposure to sunlight and air could be controlled, yet on inclement days, both sets of shutters could be closed, without altogether shutting out our light. On any consideration of hygiene and ventilation this type of window was superior to the all-glass window that succeeded it, since glass excludes the bactericidal ultra-violet rays.

The urban family unit described in the passage ______.

A．consisted of people related by blood

B．was made up of workers, servants and family members

C．excluded domestics and craftsmen

D．was composed of members of the same social class

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第9题

You may come into an empty office after you are told that the school principal is expectin

g you in her office; you may be called at the last minute to come to class after you were told that the class is cancelled for the teacher's illness; you may even be given a loving letter, and then find out later it is written by some of your best friends, what is wrong？ Nothing, it's just April 1st.

We all know April 1st can also be called April fool's Day. But do you know where it came from？ Do you know this day used to be a nation's New Year？

This is the case in France in sixteenth-century, which, when you think about it, may make more sense, for April is the time when spring returns. And the idea of beginning a year with spring would so easily be understood. The celebration for the New Year is pretty much the same as it is today. People hold and join all sorts of parties, singing and dancing into the late night.

Then in 1562, a new calendar was introduced by Pope Gregory for the Christian world. And the New Year began to be celebrated on January first. For any nation, the celebration of New Year is something that can not be replaced by other occasions. And the change of the New Year's date would not be accepted in an easy way. That's also why some people chose not to believe it when hearing the news. So they insist to celebrate New Year on April first, others played tricks on them and called them April fools.

Americans play small tricks on friends and strangers in a similar way on the first of April. One commonly-played trick is pointing down to a friend's shoe and saying, your shoelace is untied. And the examples we mentioned at the beginning of our passage is among the limitless ways for children to play tricks on their classmates, friends and so on. Most April fool jokes are in good fun and not meant to harm anyone. The cleverest April fool joke is the one where everyone laughs, especially the person upon whom the joke is played.

The examples the author mentions in the first paragraph is to ______ .

A．criticize the lack of good manners of the American school kids

B．warn us not to believe others without confirmation

C．highlight the idea that we should be nice to those people around us

D．introduce the of April Fool's Day in an way that would interest the readers

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第10题

It is because of his plays that Shakespeare is now considered the greatest English writer

in history. The era in which he lived, Elizabethan England, was a time in which broad interests and creativity could flourish. Elizabeth, the queen, was beloved by her subjects and proved to be a powerful and able ruler. Under the reign of Elizabeth, England changed from an island kingdom to an expanding empire. England grew rich through trade. Sixteenth-century Englishmen traveled to the New World and to Africa. Music, dance, poetry, painting, and architecture flourished; but the art form. in which Elizabethan England distinguished the rest of Europe was the theater.

The theater, which had practically disappeared from Europe was, at this time, received as a part of the church service. Later, no longer as a part of the service, the" mystery plays" responded to popular taste by adding more and more comic elements. In England, they were sponsored by various trade guilds and presented on stage wagons that went from place to place. When the mystery plays began to lose their appeal, they were replaced by "morality" plays which always taught a moral.

In Renaissance England, writers were particularly interested in classical texts such as Latin and Greek plays. Schools and universities began to produce comedies and tragedies by Platus, Terence, and Seneca. Shakespeare was well acquainted with classical humanities and classical tragedies and comedies often served as models in his own drama. A Renaissance man, Shakespeare's interest went beyond book learning to practical knowledge of military strategy, seafaring, business affairs, and the new geographical discoveries, all evident in his plays.

Companies of strolling plays which had specialized in morality plays responded to the change by staging new plays. Professional actors, who had been viewed by English society as little better than vagrants or criminals, gradually came under the protection of the nobility. Licensed theater companies were formed; Shakespeare belonged to one of those, where in addition to his writing, he acquired a wide experience in acting and theater management.

The theater grew in popularity and public theaters were built, not inside the city limits but just outside, along with other places of entertainment. Theaters in Elizabethan England were patronized by all social classes. The Globe Theater, built in 1599, where many of Shakespeare's plays were performed, had a platform. stage jutting out into a central courtyard. The audience stay around three sides of this platform. the lower-class who each paid a penny in the pit and the wealthier spectators in the galleries above. The orchestra was on stage, as music was usually a significant part of the production. Indeed, the costumes, scenery, singing, playing, and dancing, as well as acting was essential to the total show. There was no lighting, however, plays were performed in the afternoon. Shakespeare knew his audience: his theater is addressed not just to the educated but to all classes of society.

Which of the following is not true about the Elizabethan England？

A．Broad interests and creativity flourished.

B．English people began to travel to the Continent.

C．The theater was the most prominent art form.

D．England was no longer an island kingdom.

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