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【M1】
One primary concern regarding change is the stress it imposes on those undergoing the change. Managers, because they have obligations to their staff, not only have to deal with change as employees but also need to carry some of the concerns of their staffs. In the case of downsizing, the stress levels can be extremely high, because the manager is charged with conveying very upsetting information.
Stress is part of the job, but in times of change, it is critical that you recognize that it may cause you to act in ways that are less effective than usual. As with anything connected with change, the major concern is not short term but long term. If your stress levels result in marked loss of effectiveness, the risk is that a vicious cycle will be set up, where ineffective leadership results in creating more long term problems, which increases your stress, which reduces your effectiveness even more.
A common response to unpleasant change is to ignore the situation. Avoidance can take many forms. Most commonly, the avoiding manager plays only a minimal role in moving the organization through the swamp. After announcing the change and doing the minimum required, the manager "hides" from the change, through delegation, or attending to other work. This tactic involves treating things as "business as usual".
The outcomes of this tactic can be devastating. By avoiding situations, the manager abdicates any leadership role, when staff needs it most, during and after significant change. In addition, the avoidance results in the manager becoming out of touch with the people and realities of the organization.
While avoidance serves a need for the manager in the short run, it destroys the manager's credibility, and results in poor decisions. The long term consequence of such action is that the organization tends to deteriorate in terms of morale, effectiveness and productivity. Sometimes this deterioration is irreversible.
Sometimes the manager deals with change by denying its impact. Usually, the denying manager takes a very logical approach to change. Decisions get made, systems are put in place, or new procedures are developed. Unfortunately, this "logical" approach denies the impact of change on the people in the organization.
The denying manager tends to refuse to understand "what the big deal is", and shows little empathy with employees in the organization.
Laying off employees is especially stressful on managers in that
A．the managers are the bad news bearers and announcers.
B．the managers are worried about the increasing amount of work.
C．the managers are afraid of being laid off themselves.
D．the managers are confronting upsetting information from employees.
Section B
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.
If, at the end of a conversation somebody says to me, "as soon as I know, I'll ring you up", he is talking too much for granted. He is proposing to attempt the impossible. So I have to say, "I'm afraid you can't. You see. I'm not on the telephone. I just haven't got a telephone."
Why don't you have a telephone？ Not because I pretend to be wise or pose as unusual. There are two chief reasons: because I don't really like the telephone I find I can still work and play, eat, breathe and sleep without it. Why don't I like the telephone？ Because I think it is a pest and a time-waster. It may create unnecessary suspense and anxiety, as when you wait for an expected call that doesn't come; or irritating delay, as when you keep ringing a number that is always engaged. As for speaking in a public telephone box, which seems to me really horrible. You would not use it unless you were in a hurry, and because you are in a hurry you will find other people waiting before you. When you do get into the box, you are half asphyxiated by stale, unventilated air, flavored with cheap face-powder and chain-smoking; and by the time you have begun your conversation your back is chilled by the cold look of somebody who is fidgeting to take your place.
If you have a telephone in your own house, you will admit that it tends to ring when you least want it to ring; when you are asleep, or in the middle of a meal or a conversation, or when you are just going out, or when you are in your bath. Are you strong-minded enough to ignore it, to say to yourself, "Ah, well, it will all be the same in a hundred years' time. You are not. You think there may be some important news or message for you. Have you never rushed dripping from the bath, or chewing from the table, or dazed from the bed, only to be told that you are a wrong number？
Suppose you ignore the telephone when it rings, and suppose that, for once, somebody has an important message for you. I can assure you that if a message is really important it will reach you sooner or later. Think of the proverb: "ill news travels apace." I must say good news seems to travel just as fast. And think of the saying: "the truth will out." It will.
The write does not like telephone in a public telephone box, because ______.
A．unventilated air
B．it is far from his home
C．it is not convenient
D．he must pay for it
There are those who my that wearing a uniform. gives a person a sense of identification with a larger, more important concept. But what could be more important than the individual himself？ If an organization must rely on the dress style. and its buttons to inspire its members, it tends to show its weakness in market competition and is going to the dogs.
Some argue that the practice of making persons wear uniforms, say in a school, so as to eliminate all envy and competition in the matter of dress. A poor student who cannot afford good-quality clothing is not to be belittled by a well-dressed student. But these arguments conveniently ignore such critical concepts as freedom of choice, motivation, and individuality. But why should one strive to be better if all others were to wear the same style. of clothing？ It acted as if everyone in, society were demanded to buy the same model car, or have the same type of daily food. When this happened, all incentive to improve one's life is removed. Why would parents bother to work much hard, wishing that their children could enjoy a better life than they do when they are certain that their children are going to be forced to have exactly the same life as they do now？
Uniforms also hurt the economy. Right now, billions of dollars are spent on the fashion industry yearly. Thousands of persons are employed in designing, creating and marketing different types of clothing. If everyone were forced to wear uniforms, artistic personnel would be unnecessary. Sales persons would be superfluous as well; why bother to sell the only items that are available？ The wearing of uniforms would destroy the fashion industry, which in turn would have a ripple effect on such industries as advertising and promotion. Without advertising, newspapers, magazines, and television would not be able to remain in business. One entire information and entertainment industry would collapse.
The author's primary purpose in writing this passage was to______.
A．plead for the abolishment of uniforms
B．show that uniforms are not possible in a democratic society
C．advocate stronger governmental control on the wearing of uniforms
D．convince the reader that uniforms have more disadvantages than advantages
For example, within minority communities, capital markets do not properly fulfill their functions;they do not provide access to the aggregate flow of funds in the United States. The financialsystem does not generate the credit or investment vehicles needed for underwriting economicdevelopment in minority areas. The problem underlying this dysfunction is found in a rationingmechanism affecting both the available alternatives for investment and the amount of financialresources. This creates a distributive mechanism penalizing members of minority groups becauseof their socioeconomic differences from others. The existing system expresses definite sociallybased investment preferences that result from the previous allocation of income and that influencethe allocation of resources for the present and future. The system tends to increase the inequalityof income distribution. And, in the United States economy, a greater inequality of incomedistribution leads to a greater concentration of capital in certain types of investment.
Most traditional financial-market analysis studies ignore financial markets’ deficiencies inallocation because of analysts’ inherent preferences for the simple model of perfect competition.Conventional financial analysis pays limited attention to issues of market structure and dynamics,relative costs of information, and problems of income distribution. Market participants are viewedas acting as entirely independent and homogeneous individuals with perfect foresight aboutcapital-market behavior. Also, it is assumed that each individual in the community at large has thesame access to the market and the same opportunity to transact and to express the preferenceappropriate to his or her individual interest. Moreover, it is assumed that transaction costs forvarious types of financial instruments (stocks, bonds, etc.) are equally known and equally dividedamong all community members.
The main point made by the passage is that______
A．financial markets provide for an optimum allocation of resources among all competing participants by balancing supply and demand
B．the allocation of financial resources takes place among separate individual participants, each of whom has access to the market
C．the existence of certain factors adversely affecting members of minority groups shows that financial markets do not function as conventional theory says they function
D．investments in minority communities can be made by the use of various alternative financial instruments, such as stocks and bonds
E．since transaction costs for stocks, bonds, and other other financial instruments are not equally apportioned among all minority-group members, the financail market is subject to criticism
But you will say, you need not have your name printed in the telephone directory, and you can have a telephone which is only usable for outgoing calls. Besides, you will say, isn't it important to have a telephone in case of sudden emergency--illness, accident, or fire？ Of course, you are right, but here in a thickly populated country like England one is seldom far from a telephone in case of dreadful necessity.
I think perhaps I had better try to justify myself by trying to prove that what I like is good. I admit that in different circumstances--if I were a tycoon(实业界巨头) , for instance, or bed-ridden I might find a telephone essential. But then if I were a taxi-driver I should find a car essential. Let me put it another way: there are two things for which the English seem to show particular aptitude: one is mechanical invention, the other is literature. My own business happens to be with the use of words but I see I must now stop using them. For have just been handed a slip of paper to say that somebody is waiting to speak to me on the telephone. I think I had better answer it. After all, one never knows, it may be something important.
What does the work "pest" in the second sentence of the first paragraph mean？ ()
A．Harmful thing.
B．Insignificant thing.
C．Troublesome thing
D．Trivial thing
Boredom can be a good thing for children, according to Dr Teresa Belton, researcher at the University of East Anglia ’s School of Education and Lifelong Learning. After interviewing authors, artists and scientists in Britain, she’s reached the conclusion that cultural expectations that children should be constantly active could block the development of their imagination.
British actress and writer Meera Syal grew up in a small mining village with few distractions. The researcher said:“Lack of things to do urged her to talk to people she wouldn’t otherwise have engaged with and try activities she wouldn ’ under other circumstances, have experienced, such as talking to elderly neighbors and learning to bake cakes.”
Belton added: “Boredom made her write. Meera Syal kept a diary from a young age, filling it with observations, short stories, poems. ”
The researcher didn’t ignore the old saying the devil finds work for idle hands, though. Belton pointed out that young people who don ’t have the interior resources to deal with boredom creatively may end up smashing up bus shelters or taking cars out for a joyride.
How about watching TV and videos on the computer？ The researcher believes that nothing replaces standing and staring at things and observing your surroundings.
It’s the sort of thing thatstimulates the imagination, she said, while the screen “tends to short circuit that process and the development of creative capacity. ” Dr Belton concluded: “For the sake of creativity, perhaps we need to slow down and stay offline from time to time. ”
11. Dr Teresa Belton did her research by_____ .
A.studying cultural differences
B.interviewing professionals
C.keeping a diary
D.observing the surroundings
The expression “the devil finds work for idle hands ” probably means that people are more likely to ？A.do what they should not do if they meet devils
B.achieve nothing if they work with devils
C.do more work if they didn ’t work hard when they were young
D.get involved in trouble if they have nothing to do with their time
Which of the following is the best title for the passage？A.Deal with boredom wisely
B.Learn from a young age
C.Enjoy village life
D.Forget old sayings
What is Dr Belton ’s advice for youngsters ？A.Observe the world around them
B.Get information online from time to time
C.Remain constantly active
D.Read as many books as possible
Which of the following best describes the village where Meera Syal grew up？A.Modern and open
B.Tiny and unexciting
C.Poor and underdevelopment
D.Remote and violent
请帮忙给出每个问题的正确答案和分析，谢谢！
If wool is put into hot water, it tends to shrink.
A．disappear
B．expand
C．break
D．contract
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