题目内容
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The word "nudge" in the first sentence of paragraph six means ______.
A．progress
B．encouragement
C．push
D．growth
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更多“The word "nudge" in the first sentence of paragraph six means ______.A．progressB．encourage”相关的问题
The word "nudge" (Line 4, Para. 5) probably means
A．persuade.
B．estrange.
C．push.
D．ensure.
A.trail
B.switch
C.trigger
D.nudge
Laser-doppler radar makes use of______.
A．light
B．microwaves
C．sound waves
D．both A and B
The model has shown that this radar system, known as laser-doppler radar, can measure with absolute precision speeds varying from spaceship orbital injection (进入) velocities (速度) of five miles per second down to virtual stops--speeds of less than one ten thousandth of an inch per second. According to the scientists who are developing this system, such fine measures of velocity are of prime importance in space missions. In a rendezvous (对接) between two spaceships, or in a landing approach by a vehicle onto an orbiting space station, a bump could rip open a ship's skin, or a nudge could knock the station out of its orbit.
The light-beam radar, which operates at a frequency of trillions (百万兆) of cycles per second, could easily detect and measure the movement of a vehicle edging up to a satellite space station. A control system using so precise a signal as this would allow a huge vehicle to dock at a space station as lightly as a feather.
Laser-doppler radar ______. ()
A．measures the movements of a spaceship by means of light beam
B．makes use of microwaves
C．makes use of sound waves
D．Both A and B
Greeks, others of the Eastern Mediterranean, and many of those from South America normally stand quite close together when they talk, often moving their faces even closer as they warm up in a conversation. North Americans find this awkward and often back away a few inches. Studies have found that they tend to feel most comfortable at about 21 inches apart. In much of Asia and Africa, there is even more space between two speakers in conversation. This greater space subtly lends an air of dignity and respect. This matter of space is nearly always unconscious, but it is interesting to observe.
This difference applies also to the closeness with which people sit together, the extent to which they lean over one another in conversation, how they move as they argue or make an emphatic(强调的)point. In the United States, for example, people try to keep their bodies apart even in a crowed elevator; in Pads they take it as it comes!
Although North Americans have a relatively wide "comfort zone" for talking, they communicate a great deal with their hands—not only with gesture but also with touch. They put a sympathetic hand on a person's shoulder to demonstrate warmth of feeling or an arm around him in sympathy; they nudge (用肘轻碰)a man in the ribs to emphasize a funny story; they pat an arm in reassurance or stroke a child's head in affection; they readily take someone's arm to help him across a street or direct him along an unfamiliar route. To many people— especially those from Asia or the Moslem countries—such bodily contact is unwelcome, especially if inadvertently(不经意地)done with the left hand.
A suitable title for this passage would be ______.
A．Body Language
B．Distance And Bodily Contact
C．Cultural Differences
D．Hand Signals
But scientists have long acknowledged the existence of a "finagle factor"-a tendency by many scientists to give a helpful nudge to the data to produce desired results. The latest example of the finagle factor in action comes from Stephen Jay Gould, a Harvard biologist, who has examined the important 19th century work of Dr. Samuel George Morton.
Morton was famous in his time not only for amassing a huge collection of skulls but also for anything the cranial capacity, or brain size, of the skulls' as a measure of intelligence. He concluded that whites had the largest brains, that the brains of Indians and blacks were smaller, and therefore, that whites constitute a superior race.
Gould went back to Morton's original data and concluded that the results were an example of the finagle at work. "I have reanalyzed Morton's data," Gould wrote last week in the journal, Science, "and I find that they are a patch work of assumption and finagling, controlled, probably unconsciously, by his conventional prior ranking."
Morton reached his conclusions, Gould found, by leaving out embarrassing data, using incorrect procedures, making simple arithmetical mistakes (always in his favour) and changing his criteria again, always in favour of his argument.
Left alone, that finding would not be particularly disturbing. Morton has been thoroughly discredited by now. Scientists do not believe that brain size reflects intelligence, and Morton's brand of raw racism is out of style.
But Gould goes on to say that Morton's story is only "an admittedly egregious example of a common problem in scientific work". Some of the leading figures in science are believed to have used the finagle factor.
One of them is Gregor Mendel, the Bohemian monk whose work is the foundation of modern genetics. The success of Mendel's work was based on finding a three-to-one ratio in the dominant and recessive characteristics of hybrid plants he was breeding. He found that ratio. But scientists recently have gone back to his data and have found that the results are literally too good to be true. Like Morton, Mendel gave himself the benefit of the doubt.
And so, apparently, did Claudius Ptolemy, the Greek astronomer whose masterwork, The Almagest, summed up the case for a solar system that had the earth at its centre. Recent studies indicate that Ptolemy either faked some key data or resorted heavily to the finagle factor.
All this is important because the finagle factor is still at work. In the saccharin(糖精) controversy, for example, it was remarked that all the studies sponsored by the sugar industry found that the artificial sweeteners were unsafe, while all the studies sponsored by the diet food industry found nothing wrong with saccharin.
No one suggested that the scientists were dishonest; it was just that they quite naturally had a strong tendency to find data that would support their beliefs. The same tendency is observable in almost every Controversial area of science today-the fight over race and intelligence, the argument about nuclear energy, and so on.
It is only occasional that the finagle factor breaks out into pure dishonesty. One example seems to be the research of Cyril Burt, the British scientist whose studies were used to support the belief that intelligence is mostly inherited. It now appears that Burt invented not only a good part of his results but also made up two collaborators whose names appear on his scientific papers.
The moral that Gould draws from his study of Morton is not that scien
A．It is an important factor that must be included in scientific research.
B．It is a tendency to use collected data to produce desired results.
C．It is a tendency to interpret the data in one's favour.
D．It is a factor which, if handled appropriately, will help Settle controversy,
Greeks, others of the Eastern Mediterranean, and many of those from South America normally stand close together when they talk, often moving their faces even closer as they warm up in a conversation. North Americans find this awkward and often back away a few inches. Studies have found that they tend to feel most comfortable at about 21 inches apart. In much of Asia and Africa, there is even more space between two speakers in conversation. This greater space subtly lends an air of dignity and respect. This matter of space is nearly always unconscious, but it is interesting to observe.
This difference applies also to the closeness with which people sit together, the extent which they lean over one another in conversation, how they move as they argue, or make an emphatic point. In the United States, for example, people try to keep their bodies apart even in a crowded elevator; in Paris they take it as it comes!
Although North Americans have a relatively wide "comfortable zone" for talking, they communicate, a great deal with their hands—not only with gestures but also with touch. They put a sympathetic hand on a person's shoulder to demonstrate warmth of feeling or an arm around him in sympathy; they nudge a man in the ribs to emphasize a funny story; they pat an arm in reassurance or stroke a child's head in affection, they readily take someone's arm to help him across a street or direct him along an unfamiliar route. To many people—especially those from Asia or the Moslem countries—such bodily contact is unwelcome, especially if inadvertently done with the left hand. (The left hand carries no special significance in the U.S. Many Americans are simply left handed and use that hand more. )
In terms of bodily distance, North Americans ______.
A．are similar to South Americans
B．stand farthest apart
C．feel ill at ease when too close
D．move nearer during conversations
Part A
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)
India has about a billion people and a dozen major languages of its own. One language, and only one, is understood-by the elite-across the country: that of the foreigners who ruled India for less than 200 years and left 52 years ago.
Today, India. Tomorrow, unofficially, the world. That is well under way; at first, because the British not only built global empire but also it was settled by America, and now because the world (and notably America) has acquired its first truly global—and interactive—medium, the Internet.
It is estimated that some 350 million people speak English as their first language. Maybe 250-350 million do or can use it as a second language; in excolonial countries, notably, or in English—majority ones, like 30 million recently immigrants to the United States, or Canada's 6 million francophone Quebeckers. And elsewhere？ The guess is 100 million—1 billion depending how you define "can". Let us be hold: in all, 20-25% of earth's 6 billion people can use English; not the English of England, let alone of Dr. Johnson, but English.
That number is soaring as each year brings new pupils to school and carries of monolingual oldies—and now as the Internet spreads. And the process is self-reinforcing. As business spreads across frontiers, the company that wants to move its executives around, and to promote the best of them, regardless of nationality, encourages the uses of English. So the executive who wants to be in the frame, or' to move to another employer, learns to use it. English has long dominated learned journals: German, Russian or French (depending on the field) may be useful to their expert readers, but English is essential. So, if you want your own work published—and widely read by your peers—then English is the language of choice.
The growth of the cinema, and still more so of television, has spread the dominant language. Foreign movies or sitcoms may be dubbed into major languages, but for smaller audiences they are usually subtitled. Result: a Dutch or Danish or even Arab family has an audio-visual learning aid in its living-room, and usually the language spoken on-screen is English.
The birth of the computer and its American operating systems gave English a nudge ahead: that of the Internet has given it a huge push. Any web-linked household today has a library of information available at the click of a mouse. And, unlike the books on its own shelves or in the public library, maybe four-fifths is written in English. That proportion may lessen, as more non-English sites spring up. But English will surely dominate.
The author cites the example of India to show ______.
A．the backwardness of its own language
B．the importance of learning English
C．the widespread of English language
D．the great influence of the British empire
People can make poor decisions when it comes to health--despite their best intentions. It's not easy abiding by wholesome choices (giving up French fries) when the consequences of not doing so (heart disease) seem so far in the future. Most people are bad at judging their health risks: smokers generally know cigarettes cause cancer, but they also tend to believe they're less likely than other smokers to get it. And as any snack-loving dieter can attest, people can be comically inept at predicting their future .behavior. You swear you will eat just one potato chip but don't stop until the bag is empty.
So, what does it take to motivate people to stick to the path set by their conscious brain？ How can good choices be made to seem more appealing than bad ones？ The problem stumps doctors, public-health officials and weight-loss experts, but one solution may spring from an unlikely source. Meet your new personal trainer: your boss.
American businesses have a particular interest in personal health, since worker illness costs them billions each year in insurance claims, sick days and high staff turnover. A 2008 survey of major US employers found that 64% consider their employees' poor health decisions a serious barrier to affordable insurance coverage. Now some companies are tackling the motivation problem head on, using tactics drawn from behavioral psychology to nudge their employees to get healthy.
"It's a bit paradoxical that employers need to provide incentives for people to improve their own health," says Michael Follick, a behavioral psychologist at Brown University and president of the consultancy Abacus Employer Health Solutions.
Paradoxical, maybe, but effective. Consider Amica Mutual Insurance, based in Rhode Island. Arnica seemed to be doing everything right: it boasts an on-site fitness center at its headquarters. It pays toward Weight Watchers and smoking-cessation help, gives gift cards to reward proper prenatal care and offers free flu shots each year. Still, in the mid-2000s, about 7% of the company's insured population, including roughly 3 100 employees and their dependents, had diabetes. "We manage risk. That's our core business," says Scott Boyd, Amica's director of compensation and benefits. But diabetes-related claims from Arnica employees had doubled in four years. "We thought, OK," Boyd says now, "we have to manage these high-risk groups a little better. "
In the first paragraph, we can infer that the Americans ______.
A．vow to diet in the new year
B．fear to lose weight
C．have poor decision in keeping healthy diet
D．succeed in losing weight
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