题目内容
（请给出正确答案）
Kelly says that a gap year can benefit young people by ______.
A．increasing motivation.
B．providing insights into their study field.
C．making their CV attractive to employers.
D．helping them get a higher salary after graduating.
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According to preliminary market surveys, there are 10,000 would-be space tourists willing to spend $1 million each to visit the final frontier. Space Adventures in Arlington have taken more than 130 deposits for a two-hour, $98,000 space tour tentatively set to occur by 2005. This may sound great, but there are a few hurdles: Putting a simple satellite into orbit--with no oxygen, lift: support or return trip necessary—already costs an astronomical $2,200/kg. And that doesn't include the cost of insuring rich and possibly litigious (爱打官司的) passengers. The entire group of entrepreneurs trying to comer the space- tourism market has between them "just enough money to blow up one rocket".
The U.S. space agency has plenty of money but zero interest in making space less expensive for the little guys. So the little guys are racing to do what the government has failed to do: design a reusable launch system that's inexpensive, safe and reliable. Kelly Space's prototype looks like a plane that has sprouted rocket engines. Rotary Rocket in California has a booster with rotors to make a helicopter-style. return to earth. The first passenger countdowns arc still years away, but bureaucrats at the Federal Aviation Administration in Washington arc already informally discussing flight regulations. After all, you can't be too prepared for a trip to that galaxy far, far away.
Which of the following is the best title for the passage？
A．Take Vacations in Space
B．Building Hotels in Space
C．Flight Regulations in Space Travels
D．Cost of Space Traveling
Section B
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.
When Mike Kelly first set out to build his own private space-ferry service, he figures his bread-and-butter business would be lofting satellite into high-earth orbit. Now he thinks he may have figured wrong. "People were always asking me when they could go," says Kelly, who runs Kelly Space & Technology, "I realized the real market is in space tourism."
According to preliminary market surveys, there are 10,000 would-be space tourists willing to spend $1 million each to visit the final frontier. Space Adventures in Arlington has taken more than 130 deposits for a two-hour, $98,000 space tour tentatively set to occur by 2005. This may sound great, but there are a few hurdles. Putting a simple satellite into orbit—with no oxygen, life support or return trip necessary—already costs an astronomical $22,00/kg. And that doesn't in elude the cost of insuring rich and possibly litigious passengers. The entire group of entrepreneurs trying to corner the space-tourism market have between them "just enough money to blow up one rocket."
The U.S. space agency has plenty of money but zero interest in making space less expensive for the little guys. So the little guys are racing to do what the government has failed to do: design a reusable launch system that's inexpensive, safe and reliable, Kelly Space's prototype looks like a plane that has sprouted rocket engines. Rotary Rocket in California has a booster with rotors to make a helicopter-style. return to Earth. The first passenger countdowns are still years away, but bureaucrats at the Federal Aviation Administration in Washington are already informally discussing flight regulations. After all, you can't be too prepared for a trip to that galaxy far, far away.
Which of the following is the best title for the passage？
A．Take Vacations in Space
B．Building Hotels in Space
C．Flight regulations in Space Travels
D．Cost of Space Traveling
David: I think it's a good idea for some, but not for most.
Kelly: Oh, David, I disagree.
David: Well, Kelly, in the clamour to arrange a volunteer scheme placement or to book round-the-world plane tickets, how many school leavers-or their parents for that matter--stop to think about the true worth of taking a year out？ Are gap years the life-changing, character-forming experience their proponents claim them to be, or are they merely an excuse to waste time, burn money and delay the inevitable？ How did the idea ever start anyway？
Mary: It says here that originally they were common mainly among Oxford and Cambridge applicants, who were required to apply for a university place after already taking their A-levels. Once accepted, this gave them a further nine months to travel or to do with as they wished.
Kelly: They are mostly a UK and Australian phenomenon In the US, the tendency is still to go to college straight after leaving school. In most other European countries, gap years are rare, partly because students will often take longer to complete their university courses and have more time during the academic year to take time off.
Mary: Well, David says they might not be worth it, so is there any way we can measure the cost？
Kelly: Well, the first thing to do is to assume that you will use the time available to travel abroad for a length of time, working for a period beforehand to save up the money necessary. Let's see. Roughly speaking, you will probably need about ￡500 for the plane ticket, depending on where you go. Then you'll need up to ￡200 for the specialist travel insurance, and anything up to~5000 to pay for the cost of internal travel in the countries you visit, plus food, accommodation and other sundries. Many gap-year travellers can make do with about ￡3000 in total, although this means living on a fairly tight budget.
David: But then you need to add the above cost the foregone benefit of one year's salary after graduation. For example, say your first job after leaving university were to pay ￡15000 to ￡20000 a year, that's what you lose by taking a gap year.
Kelly: Well, that's not entirely fair. You can measure value through personal development as well as financially. A gap year tends to broaden young people's horizons, helps them to mature and see things from a much wider perspective. It can motivate them to focus on their studies. Research shows that students are more likely to be satisfied with and complete their chosen course after taking a gap year. Many universities also say that they can tell the difference between those students who have taken gap years and those who have not, in terms of attitude, commitment and general insights that are less evident in those who come straight from school. These are all benefits that a person will carry with him or her well past university. Many employers are on record as saying that they welcome job applications from students whose CVs say they took a year off, either before going to university or, in some cases, after graduating. They too are aware of the greater maturity and broader potential vision of those who have used their time constructively and learned something about the world.
David: That's true. Employers want graduates who can work well in teams, think independently, communicate effectively and make informed decisions, all of which can be learned by taking a gap year. This potential to differentiate yourself from other applicants becomes all the more important at a time when up to 40% of young people are taking degrees, often graduating with good results. The key here is ensuring two things: that the time you have taken off is used constructively and that you make it clear in any job application what you have learned from y
A．a few people.
B．some people.
C．the majority of people.
D．almost all people.
From the passage we know that residents living in the small town now______.
A．are satisfied with their present situation
B．regret their coming
C．are to leave
D．have complaints
Before its stock price sagged 40 percent and both litigators and regulators began circling overhead, Merck invited several journalists to its 415-acre research and development center 30 miles from Philadelphia. As other pharmaceutical investigators can attest, Merck's 10,000 scientists and support personnel here help explain why new drugs often cost so much. Standing in the middle of his $4 million lab, Dr. Graham Smith points to an LCMS Mass Spectrometer that atomizes test compounds and evaluates them for healing properties.
"Of the 1,200 molecules tested here last year," Dr. Smith says, "eight went on to the next step. And not all of those will go on to become drugs." Dr. Smith and his team of analytic chemists fail steadily, on average, for 6 weeks before discovering a potential therapy. Another 32 days usually pass before that happens again.
Merck is not alone in throwing most of its darts straight into the floor. According to John T. Kelly, M.D., of the Washington-based Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, "Only 5 in 5,000 compounds that enter preclinical testing make it to human testing. And only 1 of these 5 tested in people is approved for sale.
Citing Tufts University data, Dr. Kelly added: "On average, it costs a company $802 million to get one new medicine from the laboratory to US patients. This process normally takes 10 to 15 years."
Eliav Bart, M.D., Merck's senior director for clinical research, works on a vaccine to prevent the Human Papillomavirus. Sooner or later, HPV afflicts 50 to 75 percent of sexually active adults. HPV causes genital warts, as well as cancers of the cervix, vulva and anus. So far, tests have found the vaccine 100 percent effective against HPV 16, one of the virus' particularly menacing strains.
None of this comes cheap, either.
"Several hundred people are working on this exclusively around the world for Merck," Dr. Barr says. Consequently, the company has built clinics in Iceland, Peru and Thailand. "Merck put equipment in, and we'll leave it in," Dr. Barr says. This will provide a steady stream of scientific data for obstetricians and gynecologists.
Merck also has built a $100 million structure specifically to manufacture the HPV vaccine. If approved, the drug's price will reflect, in part, this huge up-front investment. But if it fails to secure Food and Drug Administration approval, Merck will be the proud owner of a gleaming, $100 million white elephant. This sunk cost will have to be spread across the rest of Merck's product line. Alternatively, this money could be subtracted from shareholder dividends, employee salaries, or new research and development. These are lame long term strategies. That, and more, adds up.
The vaccine against this ailment is for pharmaceutical companies to teach Americans-starting with Washington's bipartisan political class—a simple but viral truth: Those little pills do not invent themselves.
What Dr. Smith says in the third paragraph indicates that
A．there are many molecules that need to be tested.
B．it will take a long time to invent a new drug.
C．scientists always waste time in discovering an effective cure.
D．researchers are too cautious of the compounds to go ahead faster.
OK, that's exaggerating—but only a little. Where parents see hours wasted in front of a screen, these scientists see potential. An FAS study released this week, titled "Harnessing the Power of Video Games for Learning, "reports that best-selling games are built in surprisingly pedagogical ways. Players improve at their own pace. Beating a level requires experimentation, failure and learning from mistakes. Most new games can be played online, requiring collaboration and leadership. Game play is precisely calibrated to balance challenge and progress. It's a stark contrast to a typical classroom in which one teacher tries to engage 30 students with printed information. "It's like hiring an individual tutor for every student," says FAS president Henry Kelly of using video games to teach. "There's a big argument going on now about whether kids are being tested too much or too little. In a game, you're continuously being tested and, you don't mind it."
Some commercial games are already being used in the classroom. The Civilization series lets users build empires in ancient Persia and other historical periods, and Roller Coaster Tycoon, where players construct a theme park, combines physics and business management. And the U. S. military makes extensive use of video simulations: the Army reports 7.6 million users have registered for America's Army, a training and recruiting game.
The report calls for a new generation of educational games that are as immersive and graphics-intensive as megabudget titles like Madden NFL 07 and Battlefield 2142. "When you show a child a traditional educational game, they'll roll their eyes," says Kay Howell, a coauthor of the study. "But I don't think they roll their eyes because it's learning; I think it's because there's such a huge and obvious gap in quality compared to what they play at home." The federal government, she says, should close that gap by underwriting new game-publishing houses.
But some educational observers find the video game recommendations too unorthodox. "This is really silly, "says Chester E. Finn, president of the Thomas B. Fordham Foundation, a K-12 education research group in Washington." Are they next going to propose government-funded studies of the educational value of comic books, reality TV shows and instant messaging？" Other critics contend the report's recommendations shouldn't be seen as a cure all. "We think it's a good idea that this stuff is being explored, "says Chad Colby, a spokesman for the Department of Education." People do tend to look at these things as silver bullets, or a fix in them selves, when it's really one tool out of many. "The larger problem with the federation's ideas, Colby says, is a lack of familiarity with how education funding works: only 8. 3 percent of the country's total education budget comes from the federal government, and most of that is targeted toward students in poverty.
The stndy's recommendations might be hard to implement: not all school districts have computers and networks capable of running high-end games. The FAS report calls for the production of games that can be Web-based and downloadable to PCs, but it might be less expensive to design games for the established consoles that many families already have at home. "These are technologies that kids and young adults are living with every day of their lives," says Howell. "Why do we expect？"
The Federation of American Scientists believes that
A．it is a waste of time to play video games.
B．some video games are beneficial to children.
C．such games as Half-Life 2 is unforgettable.
D．the function of some video games is exaggerating.
OK, that's exaggerating--but only a little. Where parents see hours wasted in front of a screen, these scientists see potential. An FAS study released this week, titled "Harnessing the Power of Video Games for Learning," reports that best-selling games are built in surprisingly pedagogical ways. Players improve at their own pace. Beating a level requires experimentation, failure and learning from mistakes. Most new games can be played online, requiring collaboration and leadership. Game play is precisely calibrated to balance challenge and progress. It's a stark contrast to a typical classroom in which one teacher tries to engage 30 students with printed information. "It's like hiring an individual tutor for every student," says FAS president Henry Kelly of using video games to teach. "There's a big argument going on now about whether kids are being tested too much or too little. In a .game, you're continuously being tested and you don't mind it."
Some commercial games are already being used in the classroom. The Civilization series lets users build empires in ancient Persia and other historical periods, and RollerCoaster Tycoon, where players construct a theme park, combines physics and business management. And the U. S. military makes extensive use of video simulations: the Army reports 7.6 million users have registered for America's Army, a training and recruiting game.
The report calls for a new generation of educational games that are as immersive and graphics-intensive as megabudget titles like Madden NFL 07 and Battlefield 2142. "When you show a child a traditional educational game, they'll roll their eyes," says Kay Howell, a coauthor of the study. "But I don't think they roll their eyes because it's learning; I think it's because there's such a huge and obvious gap in quality compared to what they play at home." The federal government, she says, should close that gap by underwriting new game-publishing houses.
But some educational observers find the video game recommendations too unorthodox. "This is really silly," says Chester E. Finn, president of the Thomas B. Fordham Foundation, a K-12 education research group in Washington. "Are they next going to propose government-funded studies of the educational value of comic books, reality TV shows and instant messaging？" Other critics contend the report's recommendations shouldn't be seen as a cure all. "We think it's a good idea that this stuff is being explored," says Chad Colby, a spokesman for the Department of Education. "People do tend to look at these things as silver bullets, or a fix in themselves, when it's really one tool out of many." The larger problem with the federation's ideas, Colby says, is a lack of familiarity with how education funding works: only 8.3 percent of the country's total education budget comes from the federal government, and most of that is targeted toward students in poverty.
The study's recommendations might be hard to implement: not all school districts have computers and networks capable of running high-end games. The FAS report calls for the production of games that can be Web-based and downloadable to PCs, but it might be less expensive to design games for the established consoles that many families already have at home. "These are technologies that kids and young adults are living with every day of their lives," says Howell. "Why do we expect？"
The Federation of American Scientists believes that ______.
A．it is a waste of time to play video games.
B．some video games are beneficial to children.
C．such games as Half-Life 2 is unforgettable.
D．the function of some videogames is exaggerating.
Closing the Deal
Sales and marketing jobs at pharmaceutical(制药的)companies offer the opportunity to combine science with social skills and creative talent. Hannah Hoag investigates the pitch.
For Georgina Smith, a career in medical sales combined her dual interests in science and business. After completing her bachelor's degree in biomedical science, Smith joined Astra Zeneca as a junior medical representative. Today she drives around London visiting physicians, pharmacists, nurses and practice managers, promoting gastrointestinal(胃与肠的) and respiratory(呼吸的) treatments.
Smith feels her science training gives her an advantage in sales. "Not everyone has that background. It allows me to talk on the same level as the physician and to understand the broader picture," she says.
Like Smith, many science graduates choose to move into the pharmaceutical industry but leave the lab work to others. Sales and marketing careers allow science graduates to interact with a variety of people in the pharmaceutical chain, from researchers and regulators to physicians and patient groups.
In the United States, the pharmaceutical industry employs more than 100,000 people to pay visits to physicians and promote medicines. There are another 100,000 or so of these sales representatives in Europe. This face-to-face contact sells billions of dollars worth of drugs annually. From 2000 to 2005 the number of sales reps(representatives的缩写) continued to grow—by as much as 60% in Europe. But now companies are downsizing teams and investing in sales quality instead.
"Sales drives the bottom line for these corporations," says Tom Ruff, president and chief executive of Tom Ruff Company, a firm based in Manhattan Beach, California, that specializes in medical device and pharmaceutical sales, and sales management recruiting. "The sales representative plays a critical role."
Sell Culture
The primary purpose of a pharmaceutical sales rep is to promote the company's products to customers. These are usually groups of physicians, hospitals or other healthcare providers. In these entry-level positions, the rep learns about regulatory guidelines and presenting the product to the customer. They are generally expected to make eight calls per day. "As the sales rep moves up in level from entry to senior medical representative, they become more knowledgeable about their customer market, take responsibility for pre-and post-call planning, and have more advanced analytical skills," says Michele Crocco, director of human resources, commercial operations at Roche in Nutley, New Jersey. They may become divisional sales managers, she says, coaching and evaluating other sales reps.
A career in sales requires the right sort of personality. Those who excel are outgoing people who enjoy the challenge of "making the close", says Chris Jock, vice-president and general manager for global operations at Kelly Scientific Resources in Troy, Michigan. They are persuasive, competitive and confident self-starters. Ultimately, performance is judged on the number of prescriptions sold and contacts made, which can make pharmaceutical sales a high-pressure job.
Even entry-level sales positions frequently demand previous sales experience. "Companies want a proven track record of success in sales, "says Ruff, who adds that experience selling in the healthcare industry isn't necessary. In fact, Ruff recommends fresh graduates gain a couple of years sales experience at a Fortune 500 company known for its sales training before entering pharmaceutical sales.
But people with science backgrounds, or who are good at communicating a message and building relationships, may be able to talk their way into an entry-level position without any sales experience. Clinical experience, in particular, is rapidly becoming a valuable asset for prospective
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
Today, Mr. Olayer, a registered nurse trained as an anesthetist, earns about $ 30 000 a year at Jameson Memorial Hospital in New Castle, Pennsylvania. His father, he says, has "done an about face". Now he tells the guys he works with that their sons, who can't find jobs even after four years of college, should have become nurses.
That's not an unusual turnabout nowadays. Just as women have gained a footing in nearly every occupation once reserved for men, men can be found today working routinely in a wide variety of jobs once held nearly exclusively by women. The men are working as receptionists and flight attendants, servants, and even "Kelly girls".
The Urban Institute, a research group in Washington, recently estimated that the number of male secretaries rose 24% to 31 000 in 1978 from 25000 in 1972. The number of male telephone operators over the same span rose 38%, and the number of male nurses94 %. Labor experts expect the trend to continue.
For one thing, tightness in the job market seems to have given men an additional incentive to take jobs where they can find them. Although female-dominated office and service jobs for the most part rank lower in pay and status, "they're still there, "says June O'Neill, director of program and policy research at the institute. Traditionally male blue-collar jobs, meanwhile, aren't increasing at all.
At the same time, she says, "The outlooks of young people are different. "Younger men with less rigid views on what constitutes male or female work "may not feel there's such a stigma to working in a female-dominated field".
Although views have softened, men who cross the sexual segregation line in the job market may still face discrimination and ridicule. David Anderson, a 36-year-old former high school teacher, says he found secretarial work "a way out of teaching and into the business world". He had applied for work at 23 employment agencies for "management training jobs that didn't exist", and he discovered that "the best skill I had was being able to type 70 words a minute".
Mr. Anderson's boss was a woman. When she asked him to fetch coffee, the other secretaries' eyebrows went up. Sales executives who came in to see his boss, he says, "couldn't quite believe that I could and would type, take dictation, and answer the phones."
He took a job as a secretary to the marketing director of a New York publishing company. But he says he could feel "a lot of people wondering what I was doing there and if something was wrong with me".
Males sometimes find themselves mistaken for higher-status professionals. Anthony Shee, a flight attendant with U. S. Air Inc. , has been mistaken for a pilot. Mr. Anderson, the secretary, says he found himself being "treated in executive tones whenever I wore a suit".
In fact the men in traditional female jobs often move up the ladder fast. Mr. Anderson actually worked only seven months as a secretary. Then he got a higher-level, better-paying job as a placement counselor at an employment agency. "I got a lot of encouragement to advance, "he says, "including job tips from male executives who couldn't quite see me staying a secretary."
Experts say, for example, that while men make up only a small fraction of elementary school teachers, a disproportionate number of elementary principals are men. Barbara Bergmann, an economist at the University of Maryland who has studied sex segregation at work believes that's partly because of "sexism in the occupational structure" and partly because men have bee
A．Y
B．N
C．NG
— Hello, I’m David Potter.— Hello, I’m Kelly Smith. Just ().
A、call my Kelly
B、call me at Kelly
C、call me Kelly
D、call Kelly me
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