A.fifth
B.sixth
C.seventh
D.eighth
A.fifth
B.sixth
C.seventh
D.eighth
A、fifth
B、sixth
C、seventh
D、eighth
A、the World Health Organization
B、the World Trade Organization
C、the World Agriculture Organization
D、the World Culture Organization
A.the World Health Organization
B.the World Trade Organization
C.the World Agriculture Organization
D.the World Culture Organization
The author is possibly ______.
A.a doctor for children
B.an experienced parent
C.an official from UNICEF
D.a politician who is running for the Minister of Health
A.the World Health Organization
B.the World Trade Organization
C.the World Agriculture Organization
D.the World Culture Organization
Bird Flu: Communicating the Risk
The recommendations listed below are grounded in two convictions(信念): that motivating people to start taking bird flu seriously should be a top priority for government health departments, and that risk communication principles provide the best guidance on how to do so.
Start where your audience starts.
Telling people who believe X that they ought to believe Y naturally provokes resistance. You can't ignore X and just say YY-Y-Y-Y. You can't simply tell people they're wrong. You've got to start where they are, with X, and empathically explain why X seems logical, why it's widely believed, why you used to believe it too.., and why, surprisingly, Y turns out to be closer to the truth.
The biggest barrier to sounding the alarm about bird flu is that it's flu usually seen as a ho-hum(漠不关心的) disease. It would help if people stopped calling every minor respiratory infection "a touch of the flu" but that's not going to happen. Empathy is the only answer. Instead of ignoring the fact that people think flu is minor, or berating people for thinking that flu is minor, acknowledge that even some pub{ic health authorities use the term "flu" in ways that minimize its seriousness. After making common cause with the public--"we have all ignored influenza for too long"--talk about how horrific the next flu pandemic(流行病) may be compared with the annual flu.
Don't be afraid to frighten people.
For most of the world right now, though, apathy(漠不关心)is the problem--not denial. We can't scare people enough about HSN1. WHO has been trying for over a year, with evermoredramatic appeals to the media, the public, and Member States. Until a pandemic begins, there's little chance we'll scare people too much.
Research evidence won't protect you from criticism, of course. Fear appeals often provoke angry pushback from people questioning your motives or your competence, accusing you of "crying wolf" or provoking "warning fatigue" or panicking the public. That happened after WHO Western Pacific Regional Director Shigeru Omi said that, in a worst case, a bird flu pandemic could kill up to 100 million people (a well-justified estimate). Of course, there is a genuine downside to issuing warnings that turn out to be unnecessary. Although panic is unlikely and warning fatigue is temporary, there is some credibility loss, especially if the warnings were exaggerated or overconfident. But consider the alternative. Which is worse, being criticized for "unduly" frightening people or being criticized for failing to warn people?
Acknowledge uncertainty.
When the first Thai bird flu outbreaks subsided(平息) in 2004, a senior public official said: "The first wave of bird flu outbreak has passed.., but we don't know when the second wave will come, and we don't trust the situation... So the Public Health Ministry is being as careful as possible." This exemplifies two risk communication principles: acknowledge uncertainty and don't overreassure. During Malaysia's first outbreak, tests were pending regarding what strain of flu was killing the chickens. Senior veterinary official Hawari Hussein said, "We know it is HS, but we're hoping it won't be H5N1." This very brief comment not only acknowledges uncertainty; it also expresses wishes, another good crisis communication practice. Everyone shared Hussein's hope, but feared the worst.
Overconfident overreassurancc ("the situation is under control, everything is going to be fine") is terrible risk communication. Paradoxically, people usually find it alarming. They sense its insincerity and become mistrustful even before they know the outcome. But overconfident warnings are also unwise. There is so much we don't know about H5N1. How many people will it infect? How quickly will it spread? How long will it last? How long will it take for an effectiv
A.Y
B.N
C.NG
听力原文: The World Health organization says 57 nations in southern Africa and Southeast Asia ale facing a serious shortage of health care workers (29) . This crisis is affecting how governments fight diseases and improve health. The WHO says more than 4 million additional doctors, nurses and other health workers are urgently needed to improve the situation.
The warning came in a new WHO report released on April 7th--World Health Day. The report says that health care crisis is most severe in southern Africa. The continent has 11 percent of the world's population, but only 3 percent of the world's health care workers. WHO official Timothy Evans says part of the problem is mused by rich nations that offer high-paying jobs to doctors and nurses from poor countries (30) . In addition, Mister Evans says few trained health care professionals are working where they are needed most. Those in poor countries usually work in cities instead of fanning areas.
The WHO report provides a ten-year plan to deal with the crisis. It calls for national leadership and new policies for health workers. It also urges more international assistance and foreign aid (31) . The report says that nations facing the most serious shortages must increase health care spending and use public money for health care effectively.
(30)
A.The influence of WHO on governments.
B.The warning of the coming diseases.
C.The international cooperation in health improvement.
D.The shortage of health care workers.
SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST
Directions: In this section, you will hear several news items. Listen to them carefully and then answer the questions that follow.
听力原文: Official Iranian news agency quoting a senior Foreign Ministry official has said preparations were being made for the Foreign Minister Dr. Ali-Ahbar Vehatti to visit Iraq. No specific date was given. The news was carried the day after a preparatory team led by his senior advisor Ali Korum ended a 4-day visit to the Iraqi capital Baghdad. In an interview carried on Teheran Radio, Ali Korum said an Iraqi delegation would be travelling to Teheran shortly to follow up on the talks.
The Senate bill aims to ______ within the next seven years.
A.end the country's huge public debts
B.cut government spending on health
C.end the large budget deficits
D.cut some educational programs
But DuPont, the US-based chemical giant that manufactures Teflon, denied exposure to PFO, an acid, which could pose a health risk to the public.
The findings have not resulted in any substantial impact on the company, a DuPont China Beijing office official, said on Friday.
China's product quality watchdog said on Friday that it knows about the incident and has not yet decided whether to test the safety of the non-stick surface for the second time in less than a year. In a &aft report released earlier this week, an advisory board that reviewed the US Environmental Protection Agency's report concluded that PFOA is "likely" to be carcinogenic to humans. The draft was based on tests conducted on animals, and the advisory board mended the US EPA conduct further testing
But a statement released by DuPont on Tuesday said that the company is conducting an employee health study on PFOA and that partial results indicate no association between PFOA exposure and most of the health parameters that were measured. According to Xu Yang, a public relations official with DuPont's Beijing office, about 5 percent of Chinese families use non-stick flying pans compared with 95 percent in the United States.
Last year, the US EPA said it would fine DuPont for failing to report test results regarding PFOA, but the investigation is under way.
China's General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine ordered a probe last October, but it detected no PFOA in Teflon cookware.
"Landed in the spotlight" (Line 1, Para 1) can be best replaced by______.
A.Entered the market
B.Retreated from the market
C.Become the focus of attention
D.Been prohibited from sales
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