题目内容
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Which list of plants does Linda mention in her garden'？
A．Tomatoes, beets, egg plant, and squash.
B．Strawberries, green peppers, okra, and tomatillos.
C．Basil, onions, cantaloupe, and banana peppers.
D．Carrots, cucumbers, pumpkins, potatoes.
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The phenomenon of alien species popping up unexpected parts of the world has grown over the past few decades as people and goods become more mobile and plant seeds and animal larvae have hitched along for the ride. Most such aliens blend into the ecosystem in which they arrive without too much fuss. (Indeed, many probably fail to establish themselves at all—but those failures, of course, are never noticed.) Occasionally, though, something goes bananas and starts ttarts to take the place over, and an invasive species is born. Dr. Cappuceino and Dr. Arnason asked themselves why.
One hypothesis is that aliens leave their predators behind. Since the predators in their new homelands are not adapted to exploit them, they are able to reproduce unchecked. That is a nice idea, but it does not explain why only certain aliens become invasive. Dr. Cappuccino and Dr. Amason suspected this might be because native predators are sometimes "pre-adapted" to the aliens' defenees, but in other cases they are not.
To test this, they had first to establish a reliable list of invaders. That is not as easy as it sounds. As they observe, "although there are many lists of invasive species published by governmental agencies, inclusion of a given species in the lists may not be entirely hee of political motivation". Instead, they polled established researchers in the field of alien species, aski,g each to list ten invasive species and, for comparison, ten aliens that just rubbed along quietly with their neighbours. The result was a list of 21 species widely agreed to be invasive and, for comparison, 18 non-invasive aliens.
Having established these lists, they went to the library to find out what was known about the plants' chemistry. Their aim was to find the most prominent chemical weapon in each plant, whether that weapon was directed against insects that might want to eat the plant, bacteria and fungi that might want to infect it, or other plants that might compete for space, water, nutrients and light. Botanists know a lot about which sorts of compounds have what roles, so classifying constituent chemicals in this way was not too hard.
The researchers then compared the chemical arsenals of their aliens with those of native North American plants, to see if superior (or, at least, unusual) weapomT was the explanation for the invaders' success. Their hypothesis was that highly invasive species would have chemical weapons not found in native plants, and which pests, parasites and other plants would therefore not have evolved any resistance to. The more benign aliens, by contrast, were predicted to have arsenals also found in at least some native species.
And so it proved. More than 40% of the invasive species had a chemical unknown to native plants; just over 10% of the non-invasive aliens had such a chemical. Moreover, when they looked at past studies on alien plants that had examined how much such plants suffer from the depredations of herbivorous insects, they found that the extent of the damage reported was significantly conelated with the number of native species with which that alien shared its principal chemical weapon.
For alien plants, then, the real secret of success—also as in human warfare—is surprise. It is not that the chemicals concerned are more toxic in any general sense (indeed, successful invaders are often rare in their own native habitats). Rather, it is that the locals just don't see them coming.
In dozens of years, there are more cases of the invasion of alien species partly
A．plant seeds are resistant to antibiotics.
B．people tend to hitch a ride.
C．there are more circulation of goods.
D．animal larvae become stronger.
Some plan to use the findings to support calls for closing the nuclear reactors at Indian Point(A nuclear power station is U. S. A. ), the plant closest to New York City. But federal officials, some radiation experts and representatives of the nuclear plants and that minute, occasional releases from such plants were much lower than natural radiation levels,
The new statistical study, which is being published in Archives of Environmental Health, was conducted by a group of scientists who for many years have intended to show a link between mortality and illness and low levels of radiation from power plants, bomb tests and other sources.
The study said the infant death rate in communities for two years before the plant shutdowns averaged 8.44 deaths per l, 000 births and, when all the mortality data for two years after the plant shutdowns were combined, the infant mortality rate dropped to 7.01 per l, 000 births. The difference was statistically significant, the authors said, and the drop was greater than the general drop in infant death rates around the country in recent years.
Joseph Mangano, a public health statistician and the national coordinator for the group, said a statistical link does not prove a cause and effect, but points to the need for more work. He said," The list is literally endless. This doesn't mean we've proved anything beyond a shadow of a doubt, but what I will say is we really need to do more follow-up."
The new study was conducted by______.
A．the government
B．radiation experts
C．antinuclear campaigners
D．public health statisticians
Part B (10 points)
You are going to read a text about the tips on preparing a new garden, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list for each numbered subheading. There is one extra example, which you do not need to use.
Whether you recently moved into a new home or you've just got the gardening itch, planning a new garden can be a great deal of fun. The opportunity to act as creator can be very appealing. But anyone who has gardened for long has learned the necessity of accommodating nature and has developed a sense of humility in the process.
(41) Weather matters
The first thing to determine is what will grow in the spot available for your garden. This is where many gardeners make their first mistake. Too often plants are purchased before thought has been given to the conditions under which they will have to grow. One of chief factors determining what will grow in a particular spot is the weather conditions the plants will be subjected to.
(42) Lay of the land
Next, you will need to determine what type of soil you'll be working with. The three main constituents of soil are sand, silt and clay, Silt particles are of intermediate size. An ideal garden soil, or loam, would be about 40% sand, 40% silt and 20% clay.
(43) Amend your soil
The best way to amend a poor soil, whether sandy, clay or silty, is to add organic matter. Add a combination of topsoil and peat moss or compost will do a great help.
(44) Keep a watch on moisture
Soil moisture is obviously tied to the climate of the area where you live, but even in a small yard there can be wide variations. If your garden is at the bottom of a hill, the soil may remain wet for long periods of time. In this situation, you can try creating a raised bed, but it is best to stick to plants that enjoy having their feet wet.
(45) Don't fight mother nature
While some measures can be taken to make your garden a hospitable place for particular plants, your experience will be much more rewarding if you learn to work with nature. You will save yourself a lot of time, money and grief.
The hardest thing to convince new gardeners of is the need for patience. With the first warm day of spring they are eager to begin planting and nothing can stop them. Many of these bursts of enthusiasm yield ill-conceived gardens doomed to failure. The plants wither and the would-be gardeners become convinced that they lack some secret knowledge or inherent skill. In most of these cases, however, a few hours of planning and preparation would have made all the difference. It is quite easy to dig up a plot and throw some plants in the ground. It is another thing entirely to create a healthy, living garden.
A. Azaleas in bloom might look great when the sun's out, but if they were planted beneath some protection from the glare, they might not be constantly infested with bugs. Of course, you can spray them regularly with insecticide, but now your garden is becoming about as environmentally friendly as an oil refinery.
B. A colleague of mine had just bought a new house, and was brimming with excitement about his new garden. He planted a splendid garden, filled with plants unsuitable for our comparatively cold climate, and in a few months, most of his plants had either withered or become diseased. He thought he lacked some secret knowledge, but I knew why!
C. My neighbor complained that the earth in his garden was poor and didn't drain easily. I advised him to do as I had done, and go down to the beach for his solution.
D. The water table is very high in my area. At first I tried to fight this in my garden, but eventually I realized that I could use this to my advantage—now I have a beautiful pond full of lilies.
E. Unfortunately, my own garden does not have the bes
In a study published last year, Stepp, a professor at the University of Florida in Gainesville, looked at the ingredients of common drugs sold at local pharmacies. Of the 101 primarily plant-based health remedies he examined, Stepp estimated that the main ingredient in about a third of the drags was a weed.
"Those are Fairly conservative numbers too," he added. "It is actually more than a third. We cut quite a few off the list, because they weren't quite weedy enough, in my view."
To be "weedy enough" to meet Stepp's criteria, plants had to be fast-growing and soft-tissued—unlike trees, for example, which are slow-growing and have woody tissues. Stepp also limited his definition of weeds to plants that thrive in disturbed areas, like farms or clearings, without being deliberately planted.
Stepp said his tally of common weed-based drags was ten times higher than expected. There are about 8,000 weeds known to science. That figure comprises only about 3 percent of the world's 250,000 described plants.
Phyllis Coley is a biologist at the University of Utah who conducts drug-discovery research in the Panamanian tropical rain forests. She said Stepp's finding is "provocative."
Coley noted that weedy plants have long been a source of traditional medicines. A key question, she said, is, Why？
"Perhaps this is because weeds were shown to work better," she said. "But I would also suggest that weedy plants would be much more readily available, as they grow in association with human disturbance and are therefore more likely to be experimented with and developed into medicines."
Meanwhile Stepp said his 2004 study results suggest that, in addition to exploring the rain forest for medicinal plants, it makes sense to look at the 8,000 or so weeds that grow closer to home.
The anthropologist doesn't think drag companies share that view. "The difference between wanting to find new medicines and wanting to find new medicines to make a profit is a very wide gulf," he said.
Regardless of whether new drugs are developed from weeds, Stepp said weed research could lead governments to respect and promote traditional medicinal practices, especially in parts of the world with limited access to modem health care facilities.
According to Prof. Stepp, weedy plants are ______.
A．fast-growing and woody-tissued
B．slow-growing and soft-tissued
C．growing wild
D．growing where it is not wanted
听力原文： Those who had seen the film at previous sessions are divided into groups studying the elements of a petroleum-free community: food, water, shelter, health and medicine, and alternate energy sources. The energy group, which includes two solar equipment installers and a re- tired engineer/physicist, will study existing alternative energy sources and determine which are possible here. Also on the list are alternate-fuel transit systems, energy waste and conservation potential, and the offerings of at least two bio-diesel suppliers. The shelter group is considering such alternate building styles and how much of the needed material can be produced locally. Group members want to know how many people will need housing in the future and how to develop new housing without jeopardizing agricultural land. Opportunities for making existing housing more energy efficient and building shared-housing communities are also on the list. The health and medicine group is looking at incorporating alternative heating systems in the incoming hospital, social service networks, local cultivation of medicinal plants, and legal obstacles to alternative medical approaches.
The water group wants to know the amount needed for a family of four and the possibility of salvaging more of the rainy season's abundance.
What does this passage mainly discuss？
A．The sixth installment of the Harry Potter series.
B．The character of Harry Potter.
C．The kids' love for Harry Potter.
D．J. K. Rowling's writing style.
业务交际英语理解：把意义相同的英汉语句匹配到一起。
The following is a list of classifications of the pictures in a dictionary. After reading it, you are required to find those items given in Chinese in the below. Then you should put the corresponding letters in the brackets.
A—Television Engineering B—Musical Instrument
C—Household Appliances and Utensils D—Poisonous Plants
E—Road Construction F—Teaching Equipment and Information Technology
G—Conventional Sources of Energy H—Internal Combustion Engines
I—Agricultural Machinery J—Machine Tools
K—Power Plants L—Refuse Disposal
M—Stock Exchange N—Demonstration and Teaching Equipment
O—Main Exchange P—Medicinal Plants
Q—Historical Costumes R—Physical Geography
S—Types of Historical Carriages
Example：(E) 道路修筑 (A) 电视技术
() 机床 () 证券交易所
Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item with a single line through the center. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Air Pollution refers to the addition of harmful substances to the atmosphere resulting in damage to the environment, human health, and【S1】______of life. One of many forms of pollution, air pollution occurs inside homes, schools, and offices; in cities; across continents; and even【S2】______. Air pollution makes people sick—it causes breathing problems and【S3】______cancer—and it harms plants, animals, and the ecosystems (生态系统) in which they live. Some air pollutants return to earth in the form. of acid rain and snow, which destroy【S4】______and buildings, damage crops and forests, and make lakes and streams【S5】______for fish and other plant and animal life.
Pollution is changing Earth's atmosphere so that it lets in more harmful radiation from the Sun. At the same time, our polluted atmosphere is becoming a better insulator (绝缘体), which can【S6】______heat from escaping back into space and lead to a rise in global average temperatures. Scientists【S7】______that the temperature increase, referred to as global warming, will affect world food supply, alter sea level, make weather more【S8】______, and increase the spread of tropical disease.
Although the effects of future【S9】______change are unknown, some report that exaggerated weather conditions may【S10】______affect agriculture, for example, it may lead to severe drought and sharply decreasing agricultural yields in parts of Africa.
A) globally B) promotes C) predict D) unsuitable
E) science F) dramatically G) protect H) prevent
I) quality J) climate K) statues L) significant
M) powerful N) moderately O) extreme
【S1】
Everyone needs and uses energy. If there were no energy,【46】
Most of the energy on this planet comes from the sun, but people do not receive that energy directly. It comes from different sources and in different forms.
Green plants convert the sun's energy to food energy that animals and people use for life. The energy from animals has been used for hundreds of years to operate farm equipment and to pull carts, wagons , and other vehicles.
The sun's energy takes water from rivers, lakes, and oceans and【47】When rain or snow falls on the land some of it flows into rivers and streams. This flowing water can be used to【48】Water can also be converted (更换) to steam, which produces energy to operate machines.
Winds also come from solar energy. Air that has been heated by the sun rises and creates winds. The process of winds has moved ships on the sea, ground grain, and brought water to the earth.
There is also solar energy in wood, oil, and coal. These fuels have been【49】People burn them to produce heat and to create power for machines. Oil and coal are used to produce electrical energy, too. And electricity produces light heat, and sound energy. In addition, electric power operates (操作) many kinds of equipment, tools, and machines, which make work easier.
If you made a list of all the jobs performed by the different kinds of energy, you would fill many pages . The need for power increases every day, and some sources of energy【50】So scientists and technicians are trying to find new ways to produce power.
A. formed over many centuries from plants.
B. returns it to the earth in the form. of rain or snow.
C. are being used up very quickly.
D. there would be no life.
E. produce mechanical energy and electricity.
F. are being produced everyday.
(46)
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