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更多“A typical firm in a monopolistically competitive industry is expected to sell more as total sales in…”相关的问题
A.large; small
B.small; large
C.large; large
D.small; small
根据调查，一般企业改变自己的价格的频率如何？企业经理如何解释其价格的黏性？
According to surveys, how often does the typical firm change its prices？ How do firm managers explain the stickiness of their prices？
？Read the article below about computers.
？Choose the best work to fill each gap, from A, B, C or D.
？For each question 19-33, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet.
Making computers work for you
It is a typical day at the office--a senior manager is away when an urgent letter arrives from one of her clients. Meanwhile someone has discovered that the wrong price list has been sent out and half of the last (19) has been returned because the addresses are out of date. after a lot of time and effort has been (20) sorting out all these problems, someone asks (21) the new computer system didn't (22) all of this from happening. Unfortunately, such problems are (23) .
One firm which used to have serious computer problems is Brinkman Lewis, a professionals ervices firm. David Callaghan, a partner at the firm, (24) . 'The initial problem for us was that we had all this information on computers around the office but didn't know what to (25) with it.
Finally, Brinkman Lewis decided to (26) a network linking all the machines in the office. (27) than simply asking one of the senior managers to (28) responsibility for information technology, the firm brought in (29) Zoe Edlington to plan the development of its network. She began by upgrading the (30) telephone system so it could be integrated with the computers to provide closer links between the (31) of the firm. She then began finding other ways in which the information already on the network could be (32) more effectively.
The strategy worked. The company soon realized that there could be a market for such a (33) , and before long Zoe Edlington was head of the firm's new network consultancy business.
(19)
A．campaign
B．postage
C．mail shot
D．launch
“hello” when they meet friends. They usually shake hands when they meet for the first time. Social kissing or a kiss on the cheek is common between men and
women and between women who know each other very well.
The Hebrew greeting is “shalom.” The French greeting is “bonjour.” The Spanish greeting in “hola” and the Zulu say “sawubona” when greeting friends.
In New Zealand people are often greeted by the Maori leaders with the traditional “Hongi” by rubbing noses.
When a younger person says hello to an older person in the Philippines, the younger person will bow and hold the right hand of the older person and press the
knuckles against their forehead. When the knuckles are touching the forehead they say “Mano”(means hand) and “Po”(means respect.)
In Japan the common greeting for men and women is to bow when they meet someone. The deeper the bow, the greater level of respect in shown.
In Arab countries, close male friends or colleagues hug and kiss both cheeks. They shake hands with the right hand only, longer but less firmly than in the
western world. Contact and hand shaking between men and women in public is considered rude.
Hungarians use the friendly greeting of kissing each other on the cheeks. The most common way to kiss is from your right to your left. When men meet for the
first time they give a firm handshake.
In Belgium people kiss on one cheek when they meet.
The Chinese when meeting someone for the first time usually nod their head and smile or shake hands if in a formal business situation.
In Russia a typical greeting is a very firm handshake while maintaining direct eye contact. When men shake hands with women, the handshake is less intense.
Men may also kiss a woman three times on alternating cheeks.
In Albania, men shake hands when greeting one another. Depending on how well the men know each other, a kiss on each cheek may be common as well. When a man
meets a female relative, a kiss on each cheek or two kisses per cheek is common. With friends or colleagues normally a light handshake is appropriate. Women
may shake hands or kiss each other on both cheeks.
In Armenia, a woman needs to wait for the man to offer his hand for the handshake. Between good friends and family members, a kiss on the cheek and a light
hug are also common.
Always remember you are a guest in another country. Please show respect for their customs and culture.
Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) according to the passage
1.In Britain, they usually kiss on the cheek between men and women when they first meet.
2.The Spanish greeting is “hola” and the Zulu say “sawubona” when greeting friends.
3.The common greeting for men and women is to bow to each other in both Philippines and Japan.
4.In Russia, a typical greeting is a very firm handshake without direct eye contact.
5.In Armenia, a woman needs to wait for the man to offer his hand for the handshake
？Read the article below about Ievels Of management．
？Choose the correct word to fill each gap from A，B，C or D．
？For each question(21-30)，mark one letter(A，B，C or D)on your Answer Sheet．
The three basic levels of management are top，middle，and first-line top．
The fairly small number of executives who guide the fortunes of most companies are (21) managers．Common titles for top managers include President，Vice President，Treasurer，Chief (22) Officer(CEO)，and Chief Financial Officer (CFO)．Top managers are responsible to the board of directors and stockhoIders of the firm for its overall (23) and effectiveness．They set general policies，formulate strategies，oversee all significant decisions，and represent the company in its (24) other businesses and government．
Although they are below the ranks of the top executives，middle managers (25) positions of considerable autonomy and importance．Titles such as P1ant Manager，Operations Manager，and Division Manager are typical of middle-management slots． (26) ，middle managers are responsible for implementing the strategies． policies，and decisions made by top managers．For example，if top management decides to bring (27) a new product in 12 months or to cut costs by 5 percent，middle management will have to decide to increase the pace of new product development or to reduce the plant'S work force．With companies increasingly seeking ways to cut (28) ，however，the job of middle manager has lately become an unsteady one in many large companies．
At the bottom of the management hierarchy are first-line managers，who supervise the work of employees．First-line managers hold (29) ．such as Supervisor，Office Manager，and Foreman．First-line managers tend to spend most of their time working with and supervising the employees who (30) to them．Some have entered the firm without a college degree or have been promoted from within the company．
(22)
A．top
B．down
C．utmost
D．supervisor
请阅读Passaqe l，完成第21～25小题。
Passage 1
Among the throngs of Americans prowling the malls and trawling e-commerce sites， many are looking out for themselves. Retail-research firm NPD Group said， thus far， about one third of consumers have engaged in what is called self-gifting. That"s up from 12 percent in a typical pre-recession year， and up from the 19 percent who said they planned to do so last year. The National Retail Federation， the dispenser of all holiday-related data， said in 2012， nearly 60 percent of shoppers would do so.
The latest step in the evolution of our burgeoning culture of narcissism？ Yes. Self-gifting makes psychological and economic sense given what Americans have endured these years.
THE POST-BUST（破产） era has been a long， hard， heroic slog of balance-sheet improvement.
Americans have labored to save money and hack away at the huge mountain of debt they accumulated during the credit boom. According to the New York Federal Reserve， consumers have knocked down their aggregate debt load from $12.67 trillion in the third quarter of 2008 to $11.31 trillion in the third quarter of 2012; credit-card debt is off $192 billion from the peak. Americans have cut their load by spending more carefully and engaging in that most un-American of traits:
self-abnegation.
After living frugally for so much of the year and for so many years who can blame a parent at an Apple Store for buying herself a new iPad？ Indeed， self-gifting may actually be a function of the new abstemiousness. Let"s say you"ve been holding off on replacing your old television. Why not buy it around November or December when insane promotions and free shipping are available？
Besides， it"s not like self-gifters are solely interested in self-pleasure. An NRF survey said that the typical self-gifter would spend about $140 on himself this year. For comparison"s sake， the survey said the typical shopper would spent about $750 in all.
After a long period of economic madness（remember the housing bubble and the dotcom mess），self-gifting is a sign of much-needed economic rationality. Shopping for others involves a certain amount of wrong guesswork with negative financial consequence. This year， for example， CEB TowerGroup claims that Americans will load $110 billion onto gift cards and give them as presents.
But the market-research firm says that about 1.6 percent of that total， about $1.7 billion， will go unused. Meanwhile， a large percentage of gifts wind up getting returned. Adults surveyed by BIG insight in November 2012 found that 35 percent of people reported returning at least some of their gifts. Returns induce guilt and raise the specter of uncomfortable conversations about what happened to that giant striped sweater. But more significant， returns are bad for the environment.
They lead to more trips to the mall， higher shipping costs， and the unnecessary use of packaging materials.
These days， the rise of e-commerce means shopping is now antiseptic: sit and click. With the charm gone， we have to come up with other ways to make the experience pleasurable.
As the song goes， "Have yourself a merry little Christmas".
What have the retail research and surveys revealed about self-gifting？ 查看材料
A.It hasn"t helped improve balance sheets.
B.It is an age-old practice for most Americans.
C.It has been on the rise since the recent recession began.
D.It has reflected the American tradition of self-abnegation.
？Read the article below about levels of management.
？Choose the best word to fill each gap from A, B, C or D.
？For each Question 21-30, mark one letter (A, B, C or D) on your Answer Sheet.
The three basic levels of management are top, middle, and first-line management.
The fairly small number of executives who guide the fortunes of most companies are (21) managers. Common titles for top managers include President, Vice President, Treasurer, Chief (22) Officer (CEO), and Chief Financial Officer (CFO). Top managers are responsible to the board of directors and stockholders of the firm for its overall (23) and effectiveness. They set general policies, formulate strategies, oversee all significant decisions, and represent the company in its (24) other businesses and government.
Although they are below the ranks of the top executives, middle managers (25) positions of considerable autonomy and importance. Titles such as Plant Manager, Operations Manager, and Division Manager are typical of middle-management slots. (26) , middle managers are responsible for implementing the strategies, policies, and decisions made by top managers. For example, if top management decides to bring (27) a new product in 12 months or to cut costs by 5 percent, middle management will have to decide to increase the pace of new product development or to reduce the plant's work force. With companies increasingly seeking ways to cut (28) , howerer, the job of middle manager has lately become an unsteady one in many large companies.
At the bottom of the management hierarchy are first-line managers, who supervise the work of employees. First-line managers hold (29) such as Supervisor, Office Manager, and Foreman. First-line managers tend to spend most of their time working with and supervising the employees who (30) to them. Some have entered the firm without a college degree or have been promoted from within the company.
(21)
A．top
B．down
C．utmost
D．supervisor
努力水平。工人选择他的收入减去努力以后的净工资w-e(努力的单位成本假设为1)最大化的努力水平。根据下列每种工资安排，确定努力水平和利润水平(收入减去支付的工资)。解释为什么这些不同的委托-代理关系产生不同的结果。
(1)对于e≥1, w=2;否则w=0。
(2)w=R/2。
(3)w=R-12.5。
A firm's short-run revenue is given by R= 10e-e2 , where e is the level of effort by a typical worker (all workers are assumed to be identical). A worker chooses his level of effort to maximize his wage net of effort w-e (the per-unit cost of effort is assumed to be 1). Determine the level of effort and the level of profit (revenue less wage paid) for each of the following wage arrangements.
Explain why these differing principal-agent relationships generate different outcomes.
a. w=2 for e≥1; otherwise w =0,
b. w= R/2.
c. w=R-12.5.
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