| A new book claims to have definitive evidence of a long-suspected technological crime-that Alexander Graham Bell stole ideas for the telephone from a competitor, Elisha Gray. In The Telephone Gambit:Chasing Alexander Graham Bell's Secret,journalist Seth Shulman argues that Bell-aided by aggressive lawyers and a corrupt patent examiner-got an improper glance at patent documents Gray had filed,and that Bell was incorrectly credited with filing first. Shulman believesthe smoking gunis Bell's lab notebook,which was limited by Bell's family until 1976, then digitized and made widely available in 1999. The notebook details the false starts Bell met as he and assistant Thomas Watson tried transmitting sound electromagnetically over a wire.Then,after a 12-day gap in 1876-when Bell went to Washington to sort out patent questions about his work-he suddenly began trying another kind of voice transmitter.That method was the one that proved successful. As Bell described that new approach,he drew a diagram of a person speaking into a device.Gray's patent documents,which described a similar technique,also featured a very similar diagram. Shulman's book describes other elements that have angered researchers' suspicions. For instance,Bell's transmitter design appears hastily(草率地) written in the margin of his patent; Bell was nervous about demonstrating his device with Gray present; Bell resisted testifying(作证) in an 1878 lawsuit solving this question; and Bell,as if ashamed,quickly distanced himself from the telephone patent right bearing his name. Perhaps the most instructive lesson comes when Shulman explores why historical memory has favoured Bell but not Gray-nor German inventor Philipp Reis.who beat them both with 1860s telephones that employed a different principle. One reason is simply that Bell,not Gray.actually demonstrated a phone that transmitted speech.Gray was focused instead on his era's pressing communications challenge:how to send multiple messages simultaneously(同时地) over the same telegraph wire.As Gray shouted to his lawyers,"I should like to see Bell do that with his instruments." | 
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